How to stop snoring

Research has revealed that people who snore have obstructive sleep apnea, which could increase the risk of developing heart disease. Snoring can be minimized or stopped in different ways. Sleeping on  side stops the base of  tongue and soft palate from collapsing to the back wall of throat that usually happens when sleeping on the back. This usually results in a vibrating sound when a person is asleep.

If sleeping on the side is difficult, a body pillow or taping tennis balls to the back of pyjamas can be a solution. Losing weight can help people who have recently gained weight and have started to snore as a result. Thin people do snore, but weight gain can occasionally squeeze the diameter of the throat, again causing it to collapse during sleep.

Drinking alcohol four or five hours before sleeping can make snoring worse and louder as it can reduce the resting tone of the muscle in the back of the throat. Some people who do not usually snore can sometimes snore after drinking. Lack of sleep can also play a significant part in the increase of snoring as, when a tired person goes into a deep sleep, muscles become floppier.

Opening nasal passages can minimize snoring if you have  cold or if your nose is blocked. A hot shower, a neti pot or nasal strips can help clear passages before bed. Replacing pillows can reduce allergens and dust mites that are present in the bedroom that may be contributing to snoring.

Sleep apnea, or obstructive sleep apnea OSA is a long-term condition and may require lifelong treatment for people who suffer from it. In most cases, this would mean losing weight, stopping smoking, limiting alcohol consumption and avoiding sedation and sleeping tablets, as well as sleeping on side instead of back.

People with moderate to severe OSA may have to use a continuous positive airway pressure CPAP device, which is a small pump that provides a continuous supply of compressed air through a mask that covers the nose and the mouth. Another treatment method is the mandibular advancement device MAD which is a dental appliance similar to a gum shield. It is worn over the teeth when you are asleep and aims to hold the jaw and tongue forward to increase the space at the back of the throat.
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Gene may protect against heart disease

Scientists have identified a gene that may play a protective role in preventing heart disease. Their research revealed that the gene, called MeXis, acts within key cells inside clogged arteries to help remove excess cholesterol from blood vessels.

UCLA-led study in mice found that MeXis controls the expression of a protein that pumps cholesterol out of cells in the artery wall. MeXis is an example of a "selfish" gene, one that is presumed to have no function because it does not make a protein product.

However, recent studies have suggested that these so-called "unhelpful" genes can actually perform important biological functions without making proteins and instead producing a special class of molecules called long non-coding RNAs, or lncRNAs.

lncRNAs are important for the inner workings of cells involved in the development of heart disease," said Dr. Peter Tontonoz, senior author of the study. Considering many genes like MeXis have completely unknown functions, the study suggests that further exploring how other long non-coding RNAs act will lead to exciting insights into both normal physiology and disease.

In the study, researchers found that mice lacking MeXis had almost twice as many blockages in their blood vessels compared to mice with normal MeXis levels. In addition, boosting MeXis levels made cells more effective at removing excess cholesterol.
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Smoking linked to heart disease and stroke

Smoking just one cigarette a day has a higher risk of developing coronary heart disease and stroke than expected. The researchers say their findings have important consequences for many smokers and health professionals who believe that smoking only a few cigarettes carries little or no harm. They argue that smokers should stop completely instead of cutting down to significantly reduce their risk of heart disease and stroke.

Individual studies have reported that smoking only one to five cigarettes per day is associated with a higher than expected risk of heart disease. To investigate this further, a team of researchers led by Professor Allan Hackshaw at the UCL Cancer Institute at University College London analysed the results of 141 studies and estimated the relative risks for smoking one, five, or 20 cigarettes per day. They found that men who smoked one cigarette per day had 46% of the excess risk of heart disease and 41% of the excess risk of stroke associated with smoking 20 cigarettes per day (much higher than the expected 5%).

For women, those who smoked one cigarette per day had 31% of the excess risk of heart disease and 34% of the excess risk of stroke associated with smoking 20 cigarettes per day. Women's heart disease risk was more than doubled with one cigarette per day, when only studies that controlled for several factors were included in the analysis. Large proportion of the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke comes from smoking only a couple of cigarettes each day.

Cardiovascular disease, not cancer, is the greatest mortality risk for smoking, causing about 48% of smoking-related premature deaths. Any exposure to smoking is too much, there is no safe level of smoking. Smokers should quit instead of cutting down, using appropriate cessation aids if needed, to significantly reduce their risk of stroke and heart disease.
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Sitting for long hours linked to visceral fat

Sitting for long hours leads to building of fat around the body's organs and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease. A study found people who spent a large amount of time sitting down had higher levels of visceral and total abdominal fat. Visceral fat is unseen and wrapped around the liver, pancreas and kidneys. Carrying a high amount is known to be associated with insulin resistance - the driving factor for type 2 diabetes.

There's a difference between subcutaneous fat, the type of fat that lies directly under the skin and visceral fat, which is unseen and around human organs. According to an expert, slim-looking people can have this dangerous fat on the inside, that's wrapped around the liver, pancreas and kidneys.
Visceral abdominal fat is also linked to an increased risk of cancer, stroke and heart disease. Researchers used MRI to scan  participants who were likely to develop type 2 diabetes. They also used ccelerometers that were placed around their waists to measure how much time these people spent sitting over the course of a week.

The researchers found that the link between visceral fat and sitting was strongest for those who did not meet the public health recommendation of 150 weekly minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity. Using MRI techniques and physical activity monitors have shown that the more time spent sedentary, the stronger the association with higher levels of internal and abdominal fat. This was particularly so if the long periods of sedentary behavior were uninterrupted.

When cortisol the stress hormone is too high for too long, it can increase the amount of fat that's stored around the stomach. Dieting alone is not enough combining healthy eating with stress management techniques can help. Cortisol is created in the body’s adrenal gland, it is essential to give get-up-and-go human need to get motivated and focused, which is why it’s usually elevated in the morning. It's also released during exercise and periods of acute stress. It regulates energy by selecting the right amount of carbohydrate, fat, or protein the body needs to meet the physiological demands placed on it.

Cortisol is released from the body’s adrenal glands and floods the body with glucose  when the body is stressed, the simplest form of carbohydrate and preferred energy source – to give muscles an immediate supply of energy. Insulin-the hormone that reduces blood sugar – is also released to prevent the glucose being stored as fat and make it freely available to give the immediate energy to deal with an event. Hormone balance will returns to normal when stress is reduce.
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Macrilen for treating growth hormone deficiency

Macrilen (macimorelin) stimulates the secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland into the circulatory system. Stimulated growth hormone levels are measured in four blood samples over ninety minutes after oral administration of Macrilen (macimorelin) for the assessment of growth hormone deficiency (“GHD”).

 Prior to the approval of Macrilen (macimorelin), the historical gold standard for evaluation of AGHD was the insulin tolerance test (“ITT”), an intravenous test requiring many blood draws over several hours. The ITT procedure is inconvenient for patients and medical practitioners and may contraindicate in patients, such as those with coronary heart disease or seizure disorder, because it requires the patient to experience hypoglycemia to obtain an accurate result.

Clinical studies have demonstrated that growth hormone stimulation testing for AGHD with oral Macrilen (macimorelin) is reliable, well-tolerated, reproducible, safe and a much simpler test to conduct than currently available options. The availability of Macrilen (macimorelin) will greatly relieve the burden of endocrinologists in reliably and accurately diagnosing AGHD.
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Ademlog for treating diabetes

FDA Approves Admelog (insulin lispro) Short-Acting "follow-on" insulin product to treat diabetes, it is a short-acting insulin indicated to improve control in blood sugar levels in adults and pediatric patients aged 3 years and older with type 1 diabetes mellitus and adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes increases the risk of serious health complications, including heart disease, blindness, and nerve and kidney damage. Improvement in blood sugar control through treatment with insulin, a common treatment, can reduce the risk of some of these long-term complications.

Admelog is a short-acting insulin product, which can be used to help patients with diabetes control their blood sugar. Short-acting insulin products are generally, but not always, administered just before meals to help control blood sugar levels after eating. These types of insulin products can also be used in insulin pumps to meet both background insulin needs as well as mealtime insulin needs. This is in contrast to long-acting insulin products, like insulin glargine, insulin degludec and insulin detemir, which are generally used to provide a background level of insulin to control blood sugars between meals, and are administered once or twice a day.

While both types of insulin products can play important roles in the treatment of types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, patients with type 1 diabetes require both types of insulin while patients with type 2 diabetes may never need a short-acting insulin product. Admelog can be administered by injection under the skin (subcutaneous), subcutaneous infusion (i.e., via insulin pump), or intravenous infusion. Dosing of Admelog should be individualized based on the route of administration and the patient’s metabolic needs, blood glucose monitoring results and glycemic control goal.

The most common adverse reactions associated with Admelog in clinical trials was hypoglycemia, itching, and rash. Other adverse reactions that can occur with Admelog include allergic reactions, injection site reactions, and thickening or thinning of the fatty tissue at the injection site (lipodystrophy). Admelog should not be used during episodes of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or in patients with hypersensitivity to insulin lispro or one of its ingredients. Admelog SoloStar prefilled pens or syringes must never be shared between patients, even if the needle is changed.

Admelog may cause low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), which can be life-threatening. Patients should be monitored more closely with changes to insulin dosage, co-administration of other glucose-lowering medications, meal pattern, physical activity and in patients with renal impairment or hepatic impairment or hypoglycemia unawareness. Accidental mix-ups between insulin products can occur, patients should check insulin labels before injecting the insulin product. Severe life-threatening, generalized allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, may occur.
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High levels of air pollution increases the risk of heart attack

People with certain blood types are more likely to suffer a heart attack when exposed to high levels of pollution, people who have A, B, or AB blood types have an 'elevated risk', compared to those with the O blood type. Pollution is linked to a raised chance of a heart attack but it is the first time that the risk has also been linked to blood type.

The risk of a heart attack or chest pain doubled for people of type A, B, or AB blood when pollution hits high levels. In comparison, the risk rose by 40 percent for those with type O, according to researchers. The primary mutation we studied differentiates between O blood types and non-O, which includes positive and negative A, B, and AB blood types.

Dozens of genes have been shown in large international studies to predict the onset of coronary artery disease in people who are free of the disease. But the vast majority of people won't have a heart attack unless they already have coronary artery disease. Nor is a heart attack a certainty even with heart disease.

 A level of pollution at which the increased risk occurred for people with non-O blood types is threshold 25 micrograms of pollution per cubic metre. At levels higher than 25 micrograms per cubic metre of pollution, the increase in risk is linear, while below that level there's little if any difference in risk. During a winter inversion, the PM2.5 pollution level can occasionally reach as high as 100 micrograms per cubic metre, but 50 to 60 is more typical.

The researchers found that people with type O blood also have higher risk of heart attack or unstable chest pain in times of high air pollution. Their level of risk is much smaller, at 10 per cent instead of the non-O blood type's 25 per cent per 10 additional micrograms per cubic metre.
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Eating at the wrong time increase the risk of heart disease

Eating late at night increases the risk of heart disease and diabetes by raising levels of harmful blood fats. Shift work, is triggering the killer illnesses by leading to people eating their meals at the wrong time of the day. Experiments on rats found when they ate at the start of their rest period there was a dramatic spike in triglycerides, compared to being fed just before they became active.

Triglycerides are blood fats produced in the liver and derived from foods such as meat, dairy products and cooking oils. They are different from cholesterol but can also clog arteries, leading to cardiovascular disease, or inflame the pancreas, triggering diabetes. People with high levels of triglycerides in their blood are more likely to have heart problems when the part of the rat's brain that controls the circadian rhythm was no longer in change of the fat levels.

Cardiovascular disease and diabetes are linked to a lifestyle where humans ignore the signals of the biological clock and eat in the evening and late at night. The researchers said the study demonstrates why such a routine is out of sync with 24-hour cycle and may result in high blood fat levels and a higher risk for illnesses.

Eating late frequently during with shift work, jet lag, or staying up late at night will harm human health in the long term especially when we eat at times when we should sleep. People put on more weight when they ate three meals a day between noon and 11pm than when they consumed the same amount of calories from 8am to 7pm. The late night meals caused them to pile on by reducing the breaking down of fats.

Delayed eating also led them to store carbohydrates which can lead to weight gain and raised blood sugar and insulin levels, increasing the risk of diabetes. Their cholesterol and triglyceride levels rose too, raising the likelihood of heart disease. Disruption of circadian regulation has been linked to metabolic abnormalities. Epidemiological evidence shows night work is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

As rats are nocturnal, they rest during the day and are active at night. When they ate two hours after the onset of daylight, rather than dark, their triglyceride levels soared. The suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN has a major role in day-night variations in plasma triglycerides by promoting their uptake into skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue.

Disturbance of the biological clock might be an important risk factor contributing to the development of hyperlipidemia (high blood fats). In the last decade studies have documented triglycerides can cause strokes and heart attacks. In humans they rise during the resting phase, suggesting the involvement of the SCN on behavioral activity.

Since triglyceride levels are an important factor in the progress of blood clots, these results may have potential implications for the cause of cardiovascular diseases in the context of inadequate feeding times, shifted towards the rest phase. According to a 2013 study early eaters lost twelve percent of their body weight, while late eaters lost only 8 percent, even though they all followed the same diet and exercise regime.

According to a 2007 study people who eat most of their food at night have higher body mass indexes than those who eat earlier in the day. Another study showed participants who ate between 11 pm and 5am gained more weight than those who did not eat during those hours.
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Links between protein and heart failure

Study on two specially bred strains of mice showed how abnormal addition of the phosphate to a specific heart muscle protein may sabotage the way the protein behaves in a cell, and may damage the way the heart pumps blood around the body. Different people may have more or less altered phosphorylation that might help patients who may benefit from targeted therapies.

A form of heart disease known as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction-the amount of blood squeezed out when the heart contracts impairs the heart's ability to quickly and efficiently relax between the heart beats and overworking the organ. Common symptoms of heart failure include shortness of breath, but those with the form in which the ejection fraction is preserved at baseline have particular difficulty when they try to increase their activity or exercise.

Heart failure with preserved
ejection fraction does not respond well to common heart failure medications. The condition is common in adults, though some children with genetic disorders of heart muscle proteins share features of this condition. Heart failure was associated with changes in heart muscle cells through altered phosphorylation in the heart muscle protein cardiac troponin I cTnI, which regulates heart contraction.

Researchers examined the function of the mouse hearts through echocardiography as well as measurements with tiny catheters placed in the heart compared to mice without this altered phosphorylation. At baseline the mice with hyperphosphorylation on this specific site experienced a longer time to heart relaxation and lower left ventricular peak filling rate (depressed diastolic function), but the amount of blood ejected during contraction was normal.

The researchers then stimulated both strains of mouse hearts with adrenaline to assess the impact of increased demand on the hearts. The mice with hyperphosphorylation had very limited ability to increase the ejection of blood from the heart compared to the controls in response to adrenaline. However, the mice with hyperphosphorylation did show some improvement in relaxation, though relaxation remained slower than controls at peak drug effect.

Researchers then subject both sets of mice to brief periods of reduced oxygen flow to the heart and then restored the flow of oxygen, they discovered that the hearts of mice with hyperphosphorylation were protected from this form of stress.
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New congenital heart disease gene

 One in every 100 babies is born with congenital heart disease CHD, it is one of the leading cause of mortality from birth defects. Although advancements in surgery and care have improved rates of survival for these infants, CHD patients remain at elevated risk for heart complications, congenital abnormalities and neurodevelopmental deficits later in life.

Some genetic mutations are transmitted from parents to children: researchers identified mutations in FLT4 gene that consistently led to Tetralogy of Fallot, a complex malformation that often presents with cyanosis, or blue baby syndrome. The team found that mutations in the gene encoding myosin, a contractile protein that is highly expressed during development accounted for about 11 percent of Shone syndrome which affects four regions of the left-side of the heart.

The team also reports a shared mutation among some CHD patients with Ashkenazian ancestry. The identical mutation in both gene copies of GDF1 accounted for five percent of severe CHD among children of Ashkenazian descent could have direct clinical implications for assessing risk among people with this ancestry.

Some mutations appear for the first time in a child's genome: the team reports de novo mutations in many genes, but particularly in those that modify chromatin, a complex material that surrounds DNA and that undergoes dynamic changes during development.
These mutations occurred regularly in CHD children with other congenital defects and neurodevelopmental issues.

These same genes have been previously associated with autism, which may be responsible for high rates of neurocognitive issues in some children with CHD. These new findings could be used to expand current genetic testing panels for CHD, to improve both information for parents about the recurrence risks in future children, and the long-term care of the CHD infants.

As many as 400 genes contribute to CHD, sequencing a baby's whole genome may be a better approach than screening for specific mutations. Whole-genome sequencing may be the most effective way to detect genetic variants that cause birth defects and may effect a child's short- and long-term care.
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Potassium regulates calcification of arteries

Foods rich in potassium like banana and avocado may protect against pathogenic vascular calcification.
Reduced dietary potassium promotes elevated aortic stiffness in a mouse model, as compared with normal-potassium-fed mice.

Arterial stiffness in humans is predictive of heart disease and death from heart disease, increased dietary potassium levels lessened vascular calcification and aortic stiffness. The different levels of dietary potassium were monitored by different blood levels of potassium in the three groups of mice.

When researchers looked at arterial cross-sections in cultures that were exposed to three different concentrations of potassium, based on normal physiological levels of potassium in the blood, they found a direct effect for the potassium on arterial calcification within arterial rings.

Arterial rings in low-potassium had markedly enhanced calcification, while high-potassium inhibited aortic calcification. In cell culture, low potassium levels in the culture media markedly enhanced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells.

They discovered that the low-potassium conditions promoted the expression of several gene markers that are hallmarks of bone cells, but decreased the expression of vascular smooth muscle cell markers, suggesting the transformation of the vascular smooth muscle cells into bone-like cells under low-potassium conditions. They found that low-potassium increased intracellular calcium in the vascular smooth muscle cells, through a potassium transport channel called the inward rectifier potassium channel.
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Skipping breakfast hardens the arteries

According to latest research, skipping breakfast is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, or the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to a build-up of plaque. Eating a healthy breakfast makes heart healthy, improves healthier weight and cholesterol while skipping breakfast can increase the risk of coronary heart disease.

 Researchers examined male and female volunteers who were free from cardiovascular or chronic kidney disease. A computerized questionnaire was used to estimate the usual diet of the participants, and breakfast patterns were based on the percentage of total daily energy intake consumed at breakfast.

Some participants consumed less than five percent of their total energy intake in the morning- skipped breakfast and only had coffee, juice or other non-alcoholic beverages); some consumed more than 20 percent of their total energy intake in the morning (breakfast consumers); and those consuming between five and 20 percent (low-energy breakfast consumers).

Atherosclerosis was observed more frequently among participants who skipped breakfast and was also higher in participants who consumed low-energy breakfasts compared to breakfast consumers.

Cardiometabolic risk markers were more prevalent in those who skipped breakfast and low-energy breakfast consumers compared to breakfast consumers. Participants who skipped breakfast had the greatest waist circumference, body mass index, blood pressure, blood lipids and fasting glucose levels.

Participants who skipped breakfast were more likely to have an overall unhealthy lifestyle, including poor overall diet, frequent alcohol consumption and smoking. They may be hypertensive and obese. Breakfast skippers are generally attempting to lose weight, they often eat more unhealthy foods. Skipping breakfast can cause hormonal imbalances and alter circadian rhythms.
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Zinc can stop the growth of cancer cell

Zinc is essential for maintaining human health and protecting the esophagus from cancer. According to the latest research, zinc supplements can prevent the proliferation of esophageal cancer cells. Clinical data and animal studies have shown that this mineral is very important for overall body health and for cancer prevention.

Esophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of deaths across the globe, zinc deficiency has been found in many cancer patients, zinc is an important element in many proteins and many enzymes and the absence of zinc makes it impossible for cells to function properly.

Zinc impedes overactive calcium signals in cancer cells, which is absent in normal cells, and thus zinc selectively inhibits cancer cell growth. Insufficient amount of zinc can lead to the development of cancers and other diseases, foods rich in zinc are spinach, flax seeds, beef, pumpkin seeds, shrimp and oysters.

It is needed in small amounts every day for sound health, apart from cancer prevention, some other benefits of zinc are production of hormones, maintaining proper growth, it improves immunity, it facilitates digestion and reverses heart disease.
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Links between poor diet and untimely death

Inadequate nutrition and unhealthy eating habits are associated with untimely death. Many people are eating a diet which consists of too much salt and saturated fat, and less fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds and whole grains.

Western diet comprises of processed foods that have little or no nutrients, it is linked to hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, colorectal cancer and hepatitis. Low intake of healthy foods is the major cause of mortality, poor nutrition habits can be a behavioral health issue, because nutrition and diet affect feeling, thinking and behavior. Poor diet results in lower strength.

According to National Institutes of Health, hypertension is one of the results of poor nutrition. Eating too much junk food, fried food, salt, sugar, dairy products, caffeine and refined food can cause hypertension.

Poor nutrition can lead to high cholesterol, which is the major cause of heart disease. High cholesterol foods contain large amount of saturated fat. Ice cream, Eggs, Cheese, Butter and Beef can cause high cholesterol. Diabetes also can be linked to poor diet.

A stroke is caused by plaque that builds up in a blood vessel, then breaks free as a clot that moves to the brain and creates a blockage can be linked to poor nutrition. Strokes damage the brain and impair functioning, sometimes leading to death. Foods high in salt, fat and cholesterol increase the risk for stroke.

Different types of cancer like bladder, colon and breast cancers, may be caused by poor dietary habits. Avoid foods that contains refined sugars, nitrates and hydrogenated oils. Eat fruits and vegetables everyday to remain healthy and avoid untimely death.
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Dangers of sitting for twelve hours

Those who sit for one to two hours at a time without moving have a higher mortality rate than those who remain on the same position for less hour.
Short or long sedentary lifestyle have negative impact on health.

The researchers used hip-mounted activity monitors to measure inactivity during working hours over a period of seven days in some participants for the research.

They discovered that sedentary lifestyle is responsible for increased mortality risk. Being sedentary for more than 13 hours in a day increases the risk of untimely death. The researchers also discovered that participants who sit for less than 30 minutes had the lowest risk of death.

Active lifestyle can reduce the risk of untimely death, keep moving. Avoid sitting for long hours or minutes, physical activity can reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, depression and some cancers.
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Standing increases the risk of heart disease

Predominately standing jobs increases
the risk of heart disease than sitting,
Researchers discovered that people were likely to develop heart disease, back problems and spontaneous abortions if they are predominately standing all day.

Standing causes blood to pool down towards the legs by putting more stress on the heart to circulate it back up.
People engaging in standing jobs must sit at intervals in order to prevent the risk of developing heart disease.

Researchers examined different people on their work habits based on if they predominantly sat, stood or combination of both. Men were 39 percent less likely to develop heart disease while women were 80 percent more likely to develop heart disease than those that were sitting. This shows that standing was more damaging to health than sitting while at work.

Prolonged standing on the job has been linked to a variety of health problems including varicose veins known as spider veins, they are more common in the legs because of the heightened pressure on them from excessive standing. Prolonged standing can leads to pain, discomfort and cardiovascular problem.
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Sleep apnea raises matabolic and cardiovascular stress

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which the upper airway becomes periodically obstructed during sleep. Untreated sleep apnea can increase blood sugar and fat levels, stress hormones and blood pressure.

Obstructive sleep apnea OSA affects many people, it occurs when the upper airway closes off during sleep, temporarily interrupting breathing. The severity of sleep apnea also correlates with high levels of inflammation, an immune response in which white blood cells produce chemicals to fight a foreign substance.

OSA is associated with diabetes and heart disease, researchers measured free fatty acids in the blood, glucose, insulin and cortisol of people. Researchers have discovered that continuous positive airways pressure CPAP withdrawal caused recurrence of OSA associated with sleep disruption, elevated heart rate and reduced blood oxygen.

It also withdrawal increased levels of free fatty acids, glucose, cortisol and blood pressure during sleep. The more severe the obstructive sleep apnea the more these parameters increased.
Inflammation originating from abdominal fat precedes the development of sleep apnea, weight loss can reduce the severity of sleep apnea.

 The levels of glucose increased in diabetes patients, increases in fatty acids, glucose and cortisol have all been linked to diabetes, blood pressure increased and the arteries showed signs of stiffness in the without CPAP.

Increased blood pressure and vascular stiffness can contribute to cardiovascular disease. Researchers have discovered that increases in waist circumference were positively correlated with increases in cardio pulmonary resuscitation CRP in men. Increases in CRP predicted sleep apnea in adolescence.
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Faulty gene caused obesity

 Researchers have discovered that reduced function of a gene that impacts the breakdown of fats resulted in adult-onset obesity and fatty liver. In normal metabolism, fat and carbohydrate in our diets was broken down to produce the energy that our bodies required by the cellular energy plants, known as mitochondria.

Faulty mitochondrial gene had major impacts on normal metabolic function, if mitochondria are compromised or damaged, the breakdown of fat and carbohydrates will be poorly regulated, which can lead to adult-onset obesity.

Healthy adults will have two copies of the Pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein 1, PTCD1 gene, PTCD1 is vital for the breakdown of fats, carbohydrates and energy production. When one copy of this gene is lost, it results in obesity, fatty liver and heart disease

PTCD1 affects the way mitochondria are formed by changing their shape and making them less connected with each other. Excess weight and obesity are major risk factors for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disease and cancers.
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Walnut increases good gut bacteria

Eating handful of walnuts a day can reduce risk of heart disease, cancer and dementia. Walnut improves digestive health by nourishing and increasing good bacteria in the gut.

Walnuts are rich in fatty acid, alpha-linoleic acid, fiber and they contain one of the highest concentrations of antioxidants in omega-3 fatty acids, phytochemicals and antioxidants.

Daily handful consumption of walnuts has been associated with reduced risk of heart disease and cancer. It promotes the growth of good bacteria which have anti-inflammatory properties.

The health of the gut is related to overall health. We need prebiotics every day and regular diet for healthy bifido bacteria to become active. Eating foods containing prebiotics or taking prebiotic supplements is very important to remain healthy.

Walnuts act as a prebiotic, it promotes the growth of good bacteria that keeps the digestive system healthy. This will stimulate the good bacteria in the gut, maintain it and boost immune system.

High bacterial diversity is associated with sound health while low diversity has been linked to obesity and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Links between menopause and type 2 diabetes

The sex hormones- estrogen and progesterone control how cells respond to insulin. Hormonal changes during menopause can trigger fluctuations of insulin levels in the blood and leads to type 2 diabetes.

Estrogen hormone lowers blood glucose levels while progesterone is responsible for increasing blood glucose levels. This hormonal reactions produce spikes and drops of the blood glucose levels.

According to the latest research, women who undergo the menopause before age 40 are at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Menopause occurs between age 50 - 55  when the body stops producing oestrogen and other sex hormones.

Researchers examined many postmenopausal women and discovered that those that experienced early menopause have type 2 diabetes. Late menopause protects women from heart disease and diabetes because of regular natural supply of estrogen.
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