High levels of air pollution increases the risk of heart attack

People with certain blood types are more likely to suffer a heart attack when exposed to high levels of pollution, people who have A, B, or AB blood types have an 'elevated risk', compared to those with the O blood type. Pollution is linked to a raised chance of a heart attack but it is the first time that the risk has also been linked to blood type.

The risk of a heart attack or chest pain doubled for people of type A, B, or AB blood when pollution hits high levels. In comparison, the risk rose by 40 percent for those with type O, according to researchers. The primary mutation we studied differentiates between O blood types and non-O, which includes positive and negative A, B, and AB blood types.

Dozens of genes have been shown in large international studies to predict the onset of coronary artery disease in people who are free of the disease. But the vast majority of people won't have a heart attack unless they already have coronary artery disease. Nor is a heart attack a certainty even with heart disease.

 A level of pollution at which the increased risk occurred for people with non-O blood types is threshold 25 micrograms of pollution per cubic metre. At levels higher than 25 micrograms per cubic metre of pollution, the increase in risk is linear, while below that level there's little if any difference in risk. During a winter inversion, the PM2.5 pollution level can occasionally reach as high as 100 micrograms per cubic metre, but 50 to 60 is more typical.

The researchers found that people with type O blood also have higher risk of heart attack or unstable chest pain in times of high air pollution. Their level of risk is much smaller, at 10 per cent instead of the non-O blood type's 25 per cent per 10 additional micrograms per cubic metre.
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Blood phosphate levels and heart attacks

Low phosphate in the blood is linked to the risk of heart attack and coronary artery disease, researchers have discovered that insufficient levels of phosphate in the blood may pose a particular danger to cardiovascular health.

The study, using data from the RCGP Research and Surveillance Centre, examined phosphate levels of more than 100,000 patients, over five and nine-year intervals, and the impact on their cardiac health.

The researchers found that those with low levels (below 0.75 mmol/L) of the mineral in their blood were at a similar risk of developing coronary problems as those with elevated levels (above 1.5 mmol/L).

Instances of both conditions were high among those with low and excessive levels of phosphate in the blood, however cardiac events in those with mid-range (1-1.25 mmol/L) levels were significantly less.

Phosphate is an important mineral in the body and helps to regulate blood biochemistry, which can impact on the working of the heart. It plays a crucial role in enabling red blood cells to deliver oxygen to the body's tissues, and can be found in protein rich foods such as meat, poultry and fish.
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Depression damages the heart

Depressed heart disease patients may die suddenly because post-coronary artery disease depression can leads to untimely death. This shows that their is
a link between depression, heart disease, and increased risks of death.

Coronary artery disease patients don't live as long as expected. But the life expectancy can be increased with better therapies, surgeries and treatment.

Depression is the strongest risk factor for dying, compared to any other risk factors like age, heart failure, diabetes, high blood pressure and kidney failure.

Hormonal changes and electrofunctioning changes which affect the heart's functioning during depression can cause sudden death.

Depressed people are prone to over eating, smoking and drinking. This can increase the risk of heart attack and sudden death. They have reduced levels of serotonin released in their brain which may affect their heart.

There are normal emotional reactions to having a heart attack, emotions like
anxiety, sadness and anger. These are normal for some people, but long-term anxiety and sadness can leads to depression.
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