How diabetes causes fracture

Type 2 diabetes is known to be a risk factor for bone fractures. New research in animal models by a team of scientists at UC San Francisco, UC Davis, and UC Berkeley suggests that the disease compromises the collagen within bones, making the bones less flexible and more likely to break.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.

Adults with Type 2 diabetes have a higher fracture risk for a given bone density, which is otherwise the main clinical predictor of fracture risk. This is a widespread and growing issue now that these individuals are living longer with better insulin management.

Fields and colleagues looked at factors outside of bone density that could explain bone fragility in diabetes. In healthy bones, networks of collagen fibers stretch and slide in response to strain, which helps the bones resist cracking. But hyperglycemia in diabetes leads to the accumulation of advanced glycation end products, which bind collagen fibers to each other and impair their stretching and sliding, according to the new findings.

The researchers examined bones from the lower back and forearm of lean, obese and diabetic obese rat models. They imaged the bones with high-resolution CT scans, tested their biomechanical properties, and measured the collagen networks' response to strain using small-angle X-ray scattering at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Advanced Light Source.

They then simulated the contribution of these various factors to bone strength using supercomputers at the Texas Advanced Computing Center at the University of Texas. Both the obese rats and the diabetic obese rats had overall weaker bones for a given bone mineral content. In obese rats, the reduced strength was attributable to structural deficits, such as changes to the microarchitecture of the bones and inefficient distribution of bone mass.

In the diabetic obese rats, however, these structural deficits were compounded by material deficits -changes to the collagen networks that were previously not well documented. By comparing the obese rats with the diabetic obese rats, the researchers could isolate the effect of hyperglycemia on bone fragility. In the forearm bones, for example, the collagen changes were responsible for significant reductions in the elastic, yield and ultimate tensile properties of the bone tissue.

The researchers note that they did not study animals with an advanced duration and severity of diabetes, which may limit generalizability, but they expect that long-term diabetes would only further impair bone strength.
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Reversing insulin resistance

Researchers at Vanderbilt University have discovered how insulin crosses the capillary endothelium to exit blood vessels and stimulate skeletal muscle cells-a major finding that may lead to new ways to reverse insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. This was made possible by the development of a novel microscopy technique which allowed measurement of insulin movement across the endothelial wall of skeletal muscle capillaries in the mouse.

One of insulin's key functions is to stimulate glucose uptake by muscle, where it is stored or used as fuel. To stimulate glucose uptake insulin must cross the endothelial barrier into muscle tissue. Impaired delivery of insulin into tissue is a key feature of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Using a quantitative intravital fluorescence microscopy technique they developed combined mathematical modeling, the researchers showed that insulin moves across the endothelium by fluid-phase transport. Such movement is not dependent on the presence of endothelial insulin receptors or limited by saturation of endothelial transport processes, as had been hypothesized previously.

Better understanding of the variables controlling insulin movement across the endothelial wall could lead to improved strategies for reversing insulin resistance, including development of small molecules that enhance insulin delivery or novel insulin analogs that can access muscle more easily. The fluorescence microscopy technique developed for these studies can be applied to other drugs and hormones to study molecular access to a range of tissues.
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Secret of longevity protein

Klotho proteins play an important role in the regulation of longevity and metabolism. In a recent Yale-led study, researchers revealed the three-dimensional structure of one of these proteins, beta-Klotho, illuminating its intricate mechanism and therapeutic potential. The study findings could have implications for therapies developed to treat a wide range of medical conditions, including diabetes, obesity, and certain cancers, the researchers said.

The Klotho family of two receptor proteins are located on the surface of cells of specific tissues. The proteins bind to a family of hormones, designated endocrine FGFs, that regulate critical metabolic processes in the liver, kidneys, and brain, among other organs. To understand how beta-Klotho works, the research team used X-ray crystallography, a technique that provides high-resolution, three-dimensional views of these proteins.

The researchers' analysis yielded several insights. First, beta-Klotho is the primary receptor that binds to FGF21, a key hormone produced upon starvation. When bound to beta-Klotho, FGF21 stimulates insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, causing weight loss. This new understanding of beta-Klotho and FGF21 can guide the development of therapies for conditions such as type 2 diabetes in obese patients.

Like insulin, FGF21 stimulates metabolism including glucose uptake. In animals and in some clinical trials of FGF21, it shows that you can increase burning of calories without changing food intake, and we now understand how to improve the biological activity of FGF21.
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Control diabetes with diet and exercise

According to latest research, dieting and regular exercise can be more effective at controlling type 2 diabetes than medication. Patients who take part in weight loss programmes are less likely to need drugs and tend to have healthier blood sugar levels. Regular exercise and cognitive behavioural therapy helps people to lose weight.

A sensible diet can control diabetes more effectively than drugs, people who completed the weeks regime saw no increase in the diabetes pills they had to take. They were also half as likely to see their condition progress to the extent that they needed to take insulin.

A single workout could save your life, diabetes sufferers who lost at least 11lb also had a significant reduction in their blood sugar levels in the following three years. A real-life structured weight management intervention can reduce weight in the medium term, result in improved glycaemic control with fewer medications, and may be more effective than pharmacological alternatives.

The course involved 90-minute classes every fortnight for four months, in which patients were given exercise advice and told to follow a diet of 1,400 calories a day for women and 1,900 a day for men.
They also underwent cognitive behavioural therapy to help them lose weight. Study leader Dr Jennifer Logue, from the University of Glasgow, said: ‘This is the first real-world study to show that the lifestyle weight management programmes delivered in the NHS can have a long-lasting meaningful clinical effect.’
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Ademlog for treating diabetes

FDA Approves Admelog (insulin lispro) Short-Acting "follow-on" insulin product to treat diabetes, it is a short-acting insulin indicated to improve control in blood sugar levels in adults and pediatric patients aged 3 years and older with type 1 diabetes mellitus and adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes increases the risk of serious health complications, including heart disease, blindness, and nerve and kidney damage. Improvement in blood sugar control through treatment with insulin, a common treatment, can reduce the risk of some of these long-term complications.

Admelog is a short-acting insulin product, which can be used to help patients with diabetes control their blood sugar. Short-acting insulin products are generally, but not always, administered just before meals to help control blood sugar levels after eating. These types of insulin products can also be used in insulin pumps to meet both background insulin needs as well as mealtime insulin needs. This is in contrast to long-acting insulin products, like insulin glargine, insulin degludec and insulin detemir, which are generally used to provide a background level of insulin to control blood sugars between meals, and are administered once or twice a day.

While both types of insulin products can play important roles in the treatment of types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, patients with type 1 diabetes require both types of insulin while patients with type 2 diabetes may never need a short-acting insulin product. Admelog can be administered by injection under the skin (subcutaneous), subcutaneous infusion (i.e., via insulin pump), or intravenous infusion. Dosing of Admelog should be individualized based on the route of administration and the patient’s metabolic needs, blood glucose monitoring results and glycemic control goal.

The most common adverse reactions associated with Admelog in clinical trials was hypoglycemia, itching, and rash. Other adverse reactions that can occur with Admelog include allergic reactions, injection site reactions, and thickening or thinning of the fatty tissue at the injection site (lipodystrophy). Admelog should not be used during episodes of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or in patients with hypersensitivity to insulin lispro or one of its ingredients. Admelog SoloStar prefilled pens or syringes must never be shared between patients, even if the needle is changed.

Admelog may cause low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), which can be life-threatening. Patients should be monitored more closely with changes to insulin dosage, co-administration of other glucose-lowering medications, meal pattern, physical activity and in patients with renal impairment or hepatic impairment or hypoglycemia unawareness. Accidental mix-ups between insulin products can occur, patients should check insulin labels before injecting the insulin product. Severe life-threatening, generalized allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, may occur.
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Ozempic for treating type 2 diabetes

Ozempic is an injectable prescription medicine for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is not recommended as the first choice of medicine for treating diabetes. Ozempic is not a substitute for insulin and is not for use in people with type 1 diabetes or people with diabetic ketoacidosis.Active Ingredient: semaglutide. Inactive Ingredients: disodium phosphate dihydrate, propylene glycol, phenol and water for injection.

Ozempic (semaglutide) injection 0.5 mg or 1 mg, a once-weekly glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) receptor agonist for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes. Do not share your Ozempic pen with other people, even if the needle has been changed. You may give other people a serious infection, or get a serious infection from them. Ozempic may cause serious side effects, including: Possible thyroid tumors, including cancer.

Ozempic and other similar medicines caused thyroid tumors, including thyroid cancer. It is not known if Ozempic will cause thyroid tumors or a type of thyroid cancer called medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) in people. Do not use this medicine if you or any of your family have ever had a type of thyroid cancer called medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), or if you have an endocrine system condition called Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2).

Ozempic is injected under the skin (subcutaneously) of  stomach (abdomen), thigh, or upper arm. Do not inject Ozempic into a muscle or vein. Use Ozempic one time each week, on the same day each week, at any time of the day. You may change the day of the week you use Ozempic as long as your last dose was given two or more days before. If you miss a dose, take the missed dose as soon as possible within five days after the missed dose. If more than five days have passed, skip the missed dose and take your next dose on the regularly scheduled day.

Ozempic may be taken with or without food. Do not mix insulin and Ozempic together in the same injection. You may give an injection of Ozempic and insulin in the same body area (such as your stomach area), but not right next to each other. Change (rotate) your injection site with each injection. Do not use the same site for each injection.
Common side effects of Ozempic include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach (abdominal) pain and constipation.
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How bones affect appetite and metabolism

Human skeleton is more than the structure supporting the muscles and other tissues, it produces osteocalcin hormone. The hormone affects how we metabolize sugar and fat. It increases insulin production which reduces blood glucose levels, it can also protects us from obesity by increasing the use of energy.

Changes in blood concentrations of osteocalcin may stave off the development of diabetes. Osteocalcin is produced by osteoblasts, the cells responsible for making human bones. The hormone builds up in bone, and then, through a series of chemical reactions, is released into the blood.

Inactive osteocalcin has one more piece than active osteocalcin. The researchers examined in mice the different enzymes present in cells where osteocalcin was produced. Furin causes osteocalcin to become active and the hormone is then released into the blood.

When there was no furin in bone cells, inactive osteocalcin built up and was still released, but this led to an increase in blood glucose levels and a reduction in energy expenditure and insulin production. The absence of furin reduced the mice's appetite, osteocalcin has no effect on appetite, the existence of a new bone hormone that controls food intake.
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Celiac disease after diabetes

Type 1 diabetes and celiac disease are closely related genetically, People with one disease tend to get the other. People who have type 1 diabetes autoantibodies should get screened for celiac autoantibodies. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that causes the body's immune system to mistakenly attack the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, insulin is a hormone that sends the sugar from foods into the body's cells to be used as fuel. Because the autoimmune attack leaves people with type 1 diabetes without enough insulin, they must replace the lost insulin through injections or an insulin pump with a temporary tube inserted under the skin.

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that causes the immune system to attack the lining of the small intestine when gluten is consumed, according to the Celiac Disease Foundation. Gluten is a protein found in wheat. Symptoms of celiac disease include stomach pain, bloating, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, weight loss, fatigue, delayed growth and puberty.

Early diagnosis of celiac disease is important to initiate treatment with a gluten-free diet to prevent complications, particularly growth retardation in children. Other complications are iron-deficiency anemia, osteoporosis, skin rash lymphoma and carcinoma of the small intestine. Treatment for the disease is avoiding eating or drinking anything containing gluten.

The researchers carried out autoantibody test on many children and follow them up for 66 months. Autoantibodies linked to type 1 diabetes were found in some of the children while some have autoantibodies linked to celiac disease. Some of the children have both, the results showed the link between the two diseases, type 1 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for the development of celiac disease.
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Diabetes and heart disease are related

Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for coronary heart disease, CHD Researchers examined the
genome sequence information of some people and discovered 16 new diabetes genetic risk factors, and one new CHD genetic risk factor; showing that the two diseases are related.

They discovered that sites on the genome associated with higher diabetes risk are also associated with higher CHD risk. For eight of these sites, the researchers were able to identify a specific gene variant that influences risk for both diseases.

The shared genetic risk factors affect biological pathways including immunity, cell proliferation, and heart development. Identifying these gene variants linked to both type 2 diabetes and CHD risk in principle opens up opportunities to reduce the risk of both diseases.

The genetic link between the diseases appears to work in one direction, so that risk genes for type 2 diabetes are much more likely to be associated with higher CHD risk than the other way around. Additionally, there could be some pathways where pharmacological lowering of one disease increases the risk of the other.

The researchers also found that diabetes-linked gene variants tend to differ in their apparent effects on CHD risk, depending on their mechanisms. Variants that increase the chance of obesity or high blood pressure, for example, appear to boost CHD risk more strongly than variants that alter insulin or glucose levels.

They discovered that the genomic regions implicated as dual diabetes-CHD risk loci encompass targets of some existing drugs. One such drug is icosapent, an omega-3 fatty acid component of some fish oils, which lowers cholesterol and is sold in concentrated form as a prescription pharmaceutical.
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Polycystic ovary syndrome increases the risk of diabetes

Polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS is a hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. PCOS is a condition that affects how a woman's ovaries work.

The common symptoms of PCOS are: irregular periods- which means the ovaries don't regularly release eggs. excess androgen - high levels of male hormones in the body, which may cause excess facial or body hair, polycystic ovaries- the ovaries become enlarged and contain many fluid-filled sacs (follicles) which surround the eggs.

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS have higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Researchers examined pre-menopausal women with a diagnosis of PCOS, the women with PCOS were compared with other females of a similar age who did not have PCOS and diabetes.

The researchers discovered that women with PCOS are at risk of developing diabetes compared to their mates who did not have the condition. They also discovered that higher body mass index, insulin, glucose levels and fat in the blood were also associated with development of diabetes.

High levels of insulin cause the ovaries to produce too much testosterone, which interferes with ovulation. Insulin resistance can also lead to weight gain, which can make PCOS symptoms worse, because having excess fat causes the body to produce more insulin. Presently, the cause of PCOS is unknown and there is no cure for the condition.
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Cocoa may delay Type 2 diabetes

Insulin is the hormone that manages glucose, the blood sugar that reaches unhealthy levels in diabetes patients is caused by insulin not working properly.

Failure of beta cells to produce insulin can leads to diabetes, the body of diabetes patients either doesn't produce enough insulin or doesn't process blood sugar properly.

Researchers have discovered certain compounds in cocoa that can aid the release of more insulin and respond to increased blood glucose. Beta cells work better and remain stronger with an increased presence of epicatechin monomers, compounds found in cocoa.

Researchers fed animals with the cocoa compound, they discovered that adding the compound to their diet decreases the level of obesity in the animals and increases their ability to regulate increased blood glucose levels.

This showed that cocoa compounds called epicatechin monomers enhanced beta cells' ability to secrete insulin by protecting the cells and increase their ability to deal with oxidative stress.

The epicatechin monomers are making the mitochondria in the beta cells stronger, which produces more ATP which leads to more production of insulin.
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Type 1 diabetes can be treated under the skin

Researchers have demonstrated that the space under our skin might be an optimal location to treat type 1 diabetes T1D. Transplanting of healthy pancreatic cells under the skin to produce insulin for blood glucose regulation.

Insulin-making beta cells, located in regions of the pancreas known as pancreatic islets, are damaged in type 1 diabetes patients, implanting healthy new cells could restore insulin function.

Pancreatic islets are scattered throughout the pancreas in between other pancreatic cells that secrete digestive enzymes. The space under the skin has a large area so that it can support many islets.

Researchers injected healthy pancreatic islets under the skin and found that normal blood sugar levels could be restored within three weeks.

Pancreatic islets comprise one per cent of the pancreas, but require twenty percent of the blood flow to the organ, adequate blood flow to the islets will make it work properly.
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Type 1 diabetics patients can protect their insulin

Type 1 diabetes starts when the body attack insulin-producing cells in the pancreas that maintain blood sugar levels. Damaged immune cells of type 1 diabetics can be 'retrained' to slow the progression of the condition.

Researchers discovered that injecting patients with tiny protein fragments stopped cells destroying insulin. Researchers gave some diabetic patients fortnightly or monthly injections for six months. They discovered that it was possible to stop the loss of beta cells that occurs with type 1 diabetes.

A placebo group was also monitored over the same time frame, who showed a consistent decline in their condition and needed to increase their insulin doses.

Type 1 diabetes patients have 20 per cent of their beta cells, protecting these remaining beta cells by retraining the immune system to stop attacking them can prevents damage to insulin.
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Diabetes drug could treat Parkinson’s disease

Taking Exenatide, a diabetes medication increases motor skills than placebo for Parkinson’s disease treatment. The drug could stop decline in Parkinson’s patients rather than providing solution to the symptoms.

The drug activates hormone receptors in the pancreas to stimulate the release of insulin for diabetes patients. But the same receptors exist in the brain, activating them can boost dopamine function and stop inflammation in Parkinson’s disease.

Damage to cells that produced dopamine leads to Parkinson’s disease, preventing the damage could stop the development of the disease.

Parkinson’s patients that used exanatite drug had improved motor function - measures like tremors, agility and speech while those who took the placebo are not getting better.
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How to break sugar addiction

Insomnia, regular breakouts, craving for sweet and exhausted taste buds may be an indicator that you are suffering from a sugar addiction.

 Sugar addiction can leads to overweight and obesity. Excessive sugar consumption in different forms destroys body systems generally.

Acne is an indication that there is too much sugar in the diet, damage to the skin proteins, collagen and elastin, leading to premature wrinkles and aging.

Change in taste bud; taste buds are addicted to sweet foods and may not want any food that is not sweet.

Diet high in sugar can increase cancer growth; tumors used sugar as energy to mutate and spread across the body.

Bacteria in the mouth feeds on sugars which creates harmful acids causing tooth decay, destroy tooth enamel and form hole in the tooth.

The pancreas releases insulin to transfer glucose to the cell's after consuming sugar, the higher the sugar peak, the more extreme the sugar dip that will follow.

Sugar interrupts the supply of important neurotransmitter precursors through the blood-brain barrier - and particularly ones that help produce serotonin and dopamine, which influence mood.

Excess sugar consumption decrease the amount of good cholesterol in the bloodstream and increase the amount of bad cholesterol in the body, leading to heart disease.

The liver struggles to process excessive amounts of sugar. The unprocessed sugars are converted to fat calls, which are distributed throughout the body. It can leads to obesity.

Too much sugar in the body can cause bacteria to move from the colon to the small intestine, proliferate on the foods digesting in the small intestine and cause bloating, acid reflux, gas and abdominal cramping.

Sugar can be remove from the body by replacing process foods with whole foods and by replacing all processed drinks with water.
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How to prevent type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes occurs when pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or the body does not react properly to insulin.

Changing from sedentary lifestyle to active lifestyle and changing from over processed foods to eating plant based diet can prevent type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes prevention is eating more healthy foods, becoming more physically active and losing excess weight.

 Nerve, kidney and heart damage are complications developed from suffering from diabetes, these can be prevented by adopting these preventive measures.

Be involved in regular physical activity - regular physical activities can prevents many diseases including diabetes promotes weight loss.

Daily fibre consumption - Foods rich in fiber are fruits, vegetables, beans and nuts. These foods will digest slowly and prevent blood sugar spike.

Eat whole grains - Whole grains will reduce the risk of diabetes and maintain blood sugar levels.
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Links between menopause and type 2 diabetes

The sex hormones- estrogen and progesterone control how cells respond to insulin. Hormonal changes during menopause can trigger fluctuations of insulin levels in the blood and leads to type 2 diabetes.

Estrogen hormone lowers blood glucose levels while progesterone is responsible for increasing blood glucose levels. This hormonal reactions produce spikes and drops of the blood glucose levels.

According to the latest research, women who undergo the menopause before age 40 are at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Menopause occurs between age 50 - 55  when the body stops producing oestrogen and other sex hormones.

Researchers examined many postmenopausal women and discovered that those that experienced early menopause have type 2 diabetes. Late menopause protects women from heart disease and diabetes because of regular natural supply of estrogen.
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Facts about body fat

Fat is known as adipose tissue, it is a hormonal and metabolic processes. Adipose tissue stores energy, regulates metabolism and insulin in the body.

Body fat is divided into two; essential and storage fat. Essential fat is needed for daily activities while storage is stored under the skin. 

Fat is an excess calories stored in the body, it produces hormones that human body need to function properly.

Fat loss affects metabolism; low fat in the body will leads to low levels of leptin. Less leptin reduces metabolism.
Limiting calorie intake reduces fat and decreases appetite.

 Fat can be created without food, when body needs new fat cells, stem cells will change into fat over bone or muscle cells.

Fat is stored in the body in the form of triglycerides, free fatty acid FFA.  It secretes different hormones. Too much or too little fat can increase the risk of diabetes

Excess fat can increase the risk of developing cancer; fat secret hormones that aids cancer growth. Dieting can not reduce fat cells, human body has 15 to 35 billions of fat cells.
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Common weight-loss mistakes

Lossing weight and maintaining a healthy weight have nothing to do with eating less or fasting. Eating the right food is the key to weight loss.

Avoid foods that have additives, artificial sweeteners and preservatives. Putting the right foods on your plate prevent counting of calories and measuring food. Over processed foods will increase your weight, avoid it.

Combining different foods will aids your goal of weight loss faster than eating a particular food. Plan to remain healthy while trying to loose weight.

 Nuts are good for weight loss, oleic acid in nuts prevent cravings for extra plates of food, grapefruit reduces insulin levels: the lower your insulin levels, the lower your appetite for food.

Eat variety of fruits and vegetables, healthy proteins for muscle mass and reduction of appetite, low calories carbohydrates, drink enough water and engaging in regular physical activities.
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Secrets of longevity

Healthy lifestyle is the secret of long life. Seven hours of sleep per night, regular exercise, eating healthy foods and avoiding stressful activities can increase your longevity.

Food is medicine, healthy diet is better than drugs, processed foods contributes to diseases like cancer, diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure and many other terminal diseases.

 You can adopt longevity lifestyle by eating more of plant based healthy diet everyday; start with fruits, vegetables, seeds, whole grains, nuts, legumes and drink enough water. Water is better than any other liquid you know.

Moderate consumption of protein, sugar and refined carbohydrates. Cook with extra virgin olive oil and remember to fast after you feast. Fasting makes insulin sensitive and improves metabolic functions. Eat small portion of food; the less you eat the longer you will live.

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