Effects of stress on sperm

Children of stressed fathers are at greater risk of developing PTSD and depression, according to a new study. Researchers found life's pressures can change the DNA of a man's sperm - leading to brain development changes in his yet unborn baby. It's widely known that a mother's environment during pregnancy, including factors such as poor diet, stress and infection, can negatively impact the offspring.

Learning how a father's behavior and environment can impact his child's development could lead to the detection and prevention of many mental health disorders. Researchers have known for years that stress can increase the risk of mental disorders,' Dr Tracy Bale, professor of neuroscience at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, told Daily Mail Online. 'What’s interesting here is that we are finding intergenerational effects.'

Researchers, led by Dr Bale, conducted a mice experiment to examine how a father's lifestyle impacts his children. Previously, the team has found male mice experiencing chronic periods of mild stress passed down genetic coding for a less effective hormonal response to stress in children. Three major hormones are released by the nervous system when the body is under stress. These are adrenaline, cortisol and norepinephrine. Collectively, these hormones send human bodies into ''fight''mode, which is important to the body's ability to cope with the effects of stress.

Stress resulted in changes in sperms genetic material known as microRNA, which plays a key role in which genes become functional proteins. These changes in stress reactivity have been linked to some mental disorders, including depression and PTSD.

In the new study, presented at the 2018 AAAS annual meeting in Austin, Texas, Dr Bale and her colleagues unraveled new details about the microRNA changes in the sperm. The caput epididymis, the structure where sperm matures, release vesicles which contain microRNA that can fuse with sperm to change its cargo delivered to the egg. When males mice were stressed, the caput epididymis responded by altering the content of these vesicles.

This suggests even mild environmental stress, such as workplace stress, can have a significant impact on the development and potentially the health of future offspring. This is through a process known as epigenetics where DNA is changed through lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise - or even stress. Scientists have known a mother's environment during pregnancy can damage a fetus by diet, stress or infection affecting the expression of certain genes in the same way.

Father's stress can affect offspring development by altering important aspects of his sperm. Her previous studies on the placenta have revealed novel sex differences during pregnancy that may predict increased pre-natal risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in males. Historically, most research on how a parent's lifestyle, behavior and environment can affect their children has focused on the mother. But scientists have recently been paying increasing attention to how a father's health impacts his children.
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Lutathera for treating gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration had approved Lutathera (lutetium Lu 177 dotatate) for the treatment of a type of cancer that affects the pancreas or gastrointestinal tract called gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). This is the first time a radioactive drug, or radiopharmaceutical, has been approved for the treatment of GEP-NETs. Lutathera is indicated for adult patients with somatostatin receptor-positive GEP-NETs.

GEP-NETs are a rare group of cancers with limited treatment options after initial therapy fails to keep the cancer from growing. GEP-NETs can be present in the pancreas and in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract such as the stomach, intestines, colon and rectum. Lutathera is a radioactive drug that works by binding to a part of a cell called a somatostatin receptor, which may be present on certain tumors. After binding to the receptor, the drug enters the cell allowing radiation to cause damage to the tumor cells.

The approval of Lutathera was supported by two studies. The first was a randomized clinical trial in 229 patients with a certain type of advanced somatostatin receptor-positive GEP-NET. Patients in the trial either received Lutathera in combination with the drug octreotide or octreotide alone. The study measured the length of time the tumors did not grow after treatment (progression-free survival).

Progression-free survival was longer for patients taking Lutathera with octreotide compared to patients who received octreotide alone. This means the risk of tumor growth or patient death was lower for patients who received Lutathera with octreotide compared to that of patients who received only octreotide.

The second study was based on data from 1,214 patients with somatostatin receptor-positive tumors, including GEP-NETS, who received Lutathera at a single site in the Netherlands. Complete or partial tumor shrinkage was reported in 16 percent of a subset of 360 patients with GEP-NETs who were evaluated for response by the FDA.

Patients initially enrolled in the study received Lutathera as part of an expanded access program. Expanded access is a way for patients with serious or immediately life-threatening diseases or conditions who lack therapeutic alternatives to gain access to investigational drugs for treatment use.

Common side effects of Lutathera include low levels of white blood cells (lymphopenia), high levels of enzymes in certain organs (increased GGT, AST and/or ALT), vomiting, nausea, high levels of blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and low levels of potassium in the blood (hypokalemia).

Serious side effects of Lutathera include low levels of blood cells (myelosuppression), development of certain blood or bone marrow cancers (secondary myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia), kidney damage (renal toxicity), liver damage (hepatotoxicity), abnormal levels of hormones in the body (neuroendocrine hormonal crises) and infertility.

Lutathera can cause harm to a developing fetus; women should be advised of the potential risk to the fetus and to use effective contraception. Patients taking Lutathera are exposed to radiation. Exposure of other patients, medical personnel, and household members should be limited in accordance with radiation safety practices.
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Severe obesity linked to gene mutations

Researchers have discovered mutations in a gene related to obesity, offering new treatment possibilities in the fight against the global epidemic. The new study, led by Imperial College London  focused on children suffering from obesity in Pakistan, where genetic links to obesity had been previously identified by the team in about 30% of cases.

This link of genes to obesity is due to recessive mutations that are more likely to be inherited and passed on to children in a region like Pakistan because of the high level of consanguinity (inter-family relationships) in its population. This is because parents who are closely related are more likely to be carrying the same mutation, so a child may inherit from both sides, causing the mutation to take effect.

This new study used genome sequencing and found mutations in one specific gene related to obesity: adenylate cyclase 3 (ADCY3). When mutations occur in ADCY3, the protein it codes for forms abnormally and doesn't function properly. This leads to abnormalities relating to appetite control, diabetes, and even sense of smell.

Early studies into ADCY3 tested mice that were bred to lack that gene, found that these animals were obese and also lacked the ability to smell, known as anosmia. When we tested our patients, we found that they also had anosmia, again showing a link to mutations in ADCY3.

ADCY3 is thought to impact a system that links the hypothalamus to the production of hormones that regulate a wide variety of biological functions, including appetite. This research also found a link between ADCY3 mutations and obesity, a
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Habits that increase the risk of cancer

Forty per cent of cancer deaths could be prevented with simple lifestyle changes. Quitting smoking, eating healthier and boozing less would stop the disease. Scientists suggest habits responsible for cancer with tobacco proving the biggest burden. Other habits, includes excessive UV radiation, obesity and not exercising enough can be blamed.

Researchers at the QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, said the total amount is greater than 38 per cent because many deaths involved two factors. Even 'small improvements' would reduce the risk of dying prematurely from cancer, the Australian researchers claimed. Their findings, which also highlighted irresponsible sun tanning as a cause, were derived from an analysis of cancer deaths.

Obesity and infections were responsible for five per cent of the deaths while not exercising enough was blamed for 0.8 per cent.Dr David Whiteman, lead researcher of the study published in the International Journal of Cancer, found that the bad habits fueled 41 per cent of cancer deaths in men and 34 per cent in women because men smoke and drink more, spend more time in the sun and don't eat healthy foods.

The researchers concluded that the following eight habits are responsible for 38 per cent of cancer deaths. Researchers at the QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, said the total amount is greater than 38 per cent because many deaths involved two factors. The habits are-Smoking, Poor diet, Boozing, UV radiation, Obesity, Infections, Inactivity and Hormones.
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Lipid synthesis promotes tumor formation in liver

Lipids comprise an optimal energy source and an important cell component. Researchers from the have discovered that the protein mTOR stimulates the production of lipids in liver tumors to satisfy the increased nutrient turnover and energy needs of cancer cells, among other functions. This process has also been observed in patients with liver cancer as the scientists report in cancer cell.

In mouse models and patient samples, researchers demonstrated that the growth regulator mTOR-mammalian target of rapamycin-promotes de novo lipid synthesis and thus tumorigenesis. The accumulation of fatty acids and lipids in the liver is one of the major causes of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Liver stores and recycles nutrients, produces hormone precursors and detoxifies the body by eliminating harmful substances, such as drugs and alcohol. Obesity and diabetes combined with lack of exercise can damage the liver. A first asymptomatic syndrome is so-called "fatty liver," which may cause inflammation that can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aggressive and rapidly proliferating HCC cells ultimately destroy the surrounding healthy liver tissue, leading to liver failure.

The researchers initially investigated the progression of the disease in a mouse model. For this purpose, they constitutively activated mTOR specifically in liver cells. mTOR is involved in tumor development as it centrally controls cell growth. The researchers have now discovered that mTORC2-mTOR forms two protein complexes termed mTORC1 and mTORC2-promotes the new synthesis of fatty acids and certain lipids. Human body contains more lipid species than genes. It is assumed that there are thousands of different types.

In hepatocytes, mTORC2 stimulates in particular the production of two lipid species important for cell growth: sphingolipids and cardiolipins. The first are structural components of cell membranes, which have to be continuously supplied in rapidly proliferating cells. Cardiolipins are located in the cellular powerhouse, the mitochondria, and are involved in energy production. By enhancing cardiolipin synthesis, the energy-hungry tumor cells ensure their energy supply.

Cancer cells depend on the new synthesis of fatty acids and lipids. Analysis of tissue samples from patients with HCC confirmed the observations made in the mouse model. mTORC2 and its signaling pathways, which promote de novo synthesis of fatty acids and lipids, are also activated in tumor samples from patients. Thus, the protein complex plays a critical role in the progression of benign "fatty liver " to aggressive HCC. The study provides important insights for the development of potential therapeutic interventions, as it shows that targeted lipogenesis inhibitors may have the potential to prevent tumor development.
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Regulating asprosin levels can control appetite and weight

Researchers have discovered a new hormone called asprosin, that regulates blood-glucose levels. New studies on the hormones showed that asprosin also acts on the brain, stimulating the hunger center in the hypothalamus to control appetite and body weight. This opens an intriguing possibility for developing treatments for overweight people. They discovered asprosin when studying individuals affected by a rare medical condition called neonatal progeroid syndrome.

Patients with neonatal progeroid syndrome have a mutation in the FBN1 gene that causes them to lack a small piece of the fibrillin-1 protein. In individuals without the FBN1mutation, this small piece, which we named asprosin, is cut and released into the circulation from the end of the protein.
One of the cardinal features that defines neonatal progeroid syndrome is extreme thinness or very low body weight. This allowed measurement of how much food they ate relative to the number of calories they burned every day.

Compared with individuals with normal weight, neonatal progeroid syndrome patients have abnormally low appetite.
To investigate how the mutation affected the patients' appetite, the researchers genetically engineered mice to carry the same genetic mutation the patients have. The result was mice that mimicked the human condition; they had low blood asprosin levels, low appetite and were very thin.

In the mouse model, researchers were able to reverse the low appetite by administering asprosin to the mice.
To understand how asprosin controls appetite. Asprosin interacts with neurons in the appetite center of the hypothalamus. There are two types of neurons involved in appetite control. One type, the AgRP neurons, stimulates appetite while the other type, POMC neurons, suppresses it.

Asprosin works on both types of neurons in an opposite manner; it activates appetite-stimulating AgRP neurons and it deactivates appetite-suppressing POMC neurons. The resulting effect of these two asprosin actions in the brain is an increase in appetite, a phenomenon that is deficient in individuals and mice with neonatal progeroid syndrome. The researchers also studied individuals with obesity and found that they had increased levels of blood asprosin.
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Zinc can stop the growth of cancer cell

Zinc is essential for maintaining human health and protecting the esophagus from cancer. According to the latest research, zinc supplements can prevent the proliferation of esophageal cancer cells. Clinical data and animal studies have shown that this mineral is very important for overall body health and for cancer prevention.

Esophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of deaths across the globe, zinc deficiency has been found in many cancer patients, zinc is an important element in many proteins and many enzymes and the absence of zinc makes it impossible for cells to function properly.

Zinc impedes overactive calcium signals in cancer cells, which is absent in normal cells, and thus zinc selectively inhibits cancer cell growth. Insufficient amount of zinc can lead to the development of cancers and other diseases, foods rich in zinc are spinach, flax seeds, beef, pumpkin seeds, shrimp and oysters.

It is needed in small amounts every day for sound health, apart from cancer prevention, some other benefits of zinc are production of hormones, maintaining proper growth, it improves immunity, it facilitates digestion and reverses heart disease.
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Epigenetic modifications of sperm DNA

Phthalates are compounds found in plastics and personal care products. Exposure to phthalates disrupts some hormones and it is associated with changes in male reproductive measures of semen quality and androgen levels.
 DNA methylation, one mechanism of epigenetics, is a chemical tag on DNA that does not change the gene sequence but is involved in controlling gene expression.

Father's environmental health contributes to reproductive success. For sperm to mature in three months, it shows that the preconception time-period may represent an important developmental window by which environmental exposures may influence sperm epigenetics early life development.

The researchers examined men's urine samples at the IVF clinic the same day they donated sperm, measured 17 metabolites from 8 different phthalate parent compounds in that sample, then performed DNA methylation analyses on sperm cells to examine statistical associations.

DNA was extracted and analyzed on a genomics system that examines many sites for DNA methylation on sperm used for IVF. Researchers identified many regions of interest in assessing a correlation between phthalate metabolite exposure and DNA methylation.

 Some of the region examined were associated with at least one of the phthalate metabolites, most of the phthalates that were associated with sperm DNA methylation were known or suspected to be anti-androgenic compounds, which means they can influence hormones. After examining the biological pathways, or common links between genes, that might be affected in these regions that were identified.

 Researchers discovered that many of the regions were related to genes involved in growth and development and cellular function and maintenance.
Some of the sperm DNA methylation regions were associated with poor blastocyst stage of embryo quality as defined by the IVF clinic's standards related to embryo quality before transfer into the uterus of the female partner to establish a pregnancy.

Sperm carry some of environmental legacy to the next generation. What the sperm cell encounters during development can influence these DNA methylation and it may have an effect on the developing embryo and offspring.
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Food preservatives interfere with hormone and cause obesity

Food preservatives are added to foods to preserve them for long-term use.
Scientists tested the effects of endocrine disruptors on humans. The three chemicals tested are: Butylhydroxytoluene BHT, Perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA and tributyltin TBT.

Butylhydroxytoluene BHT, is an antioxidant commonly added to breakfast cereals and other foods to protect nutrients and keep fats from turning rancid.

Perfluorooctanoic acid PFOAis a polymer found in some cookware, carpeting and other products.

Tributyltin TBT is a compound in paints that can make its way into water and accumulate in seafood.

Scientists used hormone-producing tissues grown from human stem cells to demonstrate how exposure to these chemicals can interfere with the digestive system and the brain.

 These chemicals enable people to continue eating, causing them to gain weight. Each of these chemicals damaged hormones that communicate between the gut and the brain.

 BHT produced some of the strongest detrimental effects, these compounds can disrupt hormones that are critical to gut-to-brain signaling and preventing obesity.

Scientists obtained blood samples from adults, and then, by introducing reprogramming genes, converted the cells into induced pluripotent stem cells.

 Then, using these stem cells, they grew human epithelium tissue, which lines the gut, and neuronal tissues of the brain's hypothalamus region, which regulates appetite and metabolism.

Scientists exposed the tissues to BHT, PFOA and TBT, one by one and also in combination, and discovered that the chemicals disrupted networks that prepare signaling hormones to maintain their structure and be transported out of the cells, thus making them ineffective.

The chemicals also damaged the cellular structures that convert food and oxygen into energy and drive the body's metabolism. Because the chemical damage occurred in young cells, a defective hormone system could impact a pregnant mother and her fetus.
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Links between diabetes and erectile dysfunction

According to latest research, erectile dysfunction affects more than half of diabetes patients, some of the affected men could not maintain an erection.

Diabetes increases a man's risk of suffering from erectile dysfunction.
It can damage the nerves and blood vessels needed to become aroused leading to erectile dysfunction.

Diabetes patients can struggle to maintain an erection even if they produce the necessary hormones or are sufficiently sexually stimulated.

Regular medical examination can reduce the risk of diabetes complications like high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels and kidney disease.

Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease, stroke and kidney problems, it increases the risk of untimely death.
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Facts about body fat

Fat is known as adipose tissue, it is a hormonal and metabolic processes. Adipose tissue stores energy, regulates metabolism and insulin in the body.

Body fat is divided into two; essential and storage fat. Essential fat is needed for daily activities while storage is stored under the skin. 

Fat is an excess calories stored in the body, it produces hormones that human body need to function properly.

Fat loss affects metabolism; low fat in the body will leads to low levels of leptin. Less leptin reduces metabolism.
Limiting calorie intake reduces fat and decreases appetite.

 Fat can be created without food, when body needs new fat cells, stem cells will change into fat over bone or muscle cells.

Fat is stored in the body in the form of triglycerides, free fatty acid FFA.  It secretes different hormones. Too much or too little fat can increase the risk of diabetes

Excess fat can increase the risk of developing cancer; fat secret hormones that aids cancer growth. Dieting can not reduce fat cells, human body has 15 to 35 billions of fat cells.
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IVF babies may become overweight

According to the latest research, children born through In Vitro Fertilization IVF may become overweight. Hormones used to harvest women's eggs for IVF can make their children to be overweight, these hormones can alter their normal cells patterns and affect their genes.

Embryos that spend close to 5days growing in culture before being transferred to the mother’s womb are more likely to be born fatter than normal for their gestational age. Those that spend 2 to 3 days may not be very fat.

Starting life in a laboratory dish may increase storing of fat in their body, storing fat early may put IVF children at risk of cardiovascular disease in future.
IVF procedure may program them to store food as fat throughout their lives.

Chemicals used during IVF affect the way fetus absorb nutrients, make the children slightly smaller at birth but increase their weight gain when they are older compared to children that started their life in the womb.
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Facts about cancer

Cancer is a condition where cells in a particular part of the body develop and reproduce uncontrollably. Cells can
experience uncontrolled growth if there are mutations to DNA, and it alters genes involved in cell division.

Cancer occurs when a cell's gene mutations make the cell unable to correct DNA damage. Normal cells in the body follow grow, divide and die.
Cancerous cells can destroy other healthy tissue and organs in the body, cancer can grow in any part of the body.
There are over 220 different types of cancer.

It alters normal cells division to form lumps or masses of tissue known as tumors. Tumors interfere with the digestive, nervous, and circulatory systems, and release hormones that alter proper body functions. Metastasis is multiplication and spread of cancers to other parts of the body to invade and destroy other healthy tissues.

Cancer is considered to be one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Carcinogens are tobacco, asbestos, arsenic, radiation such as gamma and x-rays, the sun, and compounds in car exhaust fumes are all examples of carcinogens.

 When our bodies are exposed to carcinogens, free radicals are formed that try to steal electrons from other molecules in the body. Theses free radicals damage cells and affect their ability to function normally.

Cancer can be the result of a genetic predisposition that is inherited from family members. It is possible to be born with certain genetic mutations or a fault in a gene that makes one more likely to develop cancer later in life.

African Americans are more likely to die of cancer than people of any other race. Risk of cancer can be reduced by avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol intake, limiting UV ray exposure from the sun and tanning, eating healthy diet, and regular medical check.

There is an increase in the number of possible cancer-causing mutations in our DNA as we get older. Some viruses like human papillomavirus, hepatitis B and C and E, Human immunodeficiency virus and any disease that suppresses the immune system increases the risk of developing cancer.

There is an increase in the number of possible cancer-causing mutations in our DNA as we get older. Some viruses like human papillomavirus, hepatitis B and C and E, Human immunodeficiency virus and any disease that suppresses the immune system increases the risk of developing cancer.

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High sugar intake and your facial beauty

High sugar intake can cause obesity, chronic disease, tooth decay, cause wrinkles on your face and change your complexion.

Glycation is when sugar in your bloodstream bonds onto proteins in the body. The more sugar we eat, the more glycation end products we produce.

Since collagen that keeps our skin plump and firm is the body’s most prevalent protein, it will be affected most and can result in saggy, loose and red facial skin.

Glycation can cause other skin problems, like redness, rosacea and acne. Foods with higher glycemic index
can trigger breakouts.

Sugar triggers the pancreas to produce more insulin, which increases the hormones that stimulate sebum production. Sugar changes complexion by depleting water in the cells causing dark under-eye circles.

Dangers of pot belly

Pot belly is a sign that you are at the risk of having cancer. Some cancers are not linked to fat and weight, but the researchers found the size of the waist was significantly tied to some cancers.

These are bowel, lower oesophagus, upper stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, womb, ovaries, kidneys and postmenopausal breasts.

The highest risk was found for bowel cancer, for which adding just 8 cm (3.1 inches) to the hips was linked to an increased risk of 15 per cent.

Body fat can change the levels of sex hormones, such as oestrogen and testosterone. It can also cause levels of
 insulin to rise, and lead to inflammation that increases cancer.

Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of developing some cancers,
It’s important to maintain healthy weight to reduce risk of cancer.



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Sound-sleep can relief chronic pain

Pain physiologist Alban Latremoliere, PhD, of Boston Children's and sleep physiologist Chloe Alexandre, PhD, of BIDMC precisely measured the effects of chronic sleep loss on sleepiness and sensitivity to painful and non-painful stimuli.

 They tested standard pain medications, like ibuprofen and morphine, as well as wakefulness-promoting agents like caffeine and modafinil. Their findings reveal an unexpected role for alertness in setting pain sensitivity.

The team measured normal sleep cycles with tiny headsets that took electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) readings. "For each mouse, we have exact baseline data on how much they sleep and what their sensory sensitivity is," says Latremoliere, who works in the lab of Clifford Woolf, PhD, in the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center at Boston Children's.

To keep the mice awake, researchers provided custom-made toys as interest flagged while being careful not to overstimulate them. "Mice love nesting, so when they started to get sleepy (as seen by their EEG/EMG pattern) we would give them nesting materials like a wipe or cotton ball," says Latremoliere.

"Rodents like chewing, so we introduced a lot of activities based around chewing, for example, having to chew through something to get to a cotton ball." In this way they kept
groups of six to 12 mice awake for as long as 12 hours in one session, or six hours for five consecutive days, monitoring sleepiness and stress hormones (to make sure they weren't stressed) and testing for pain.

Pain sensitivity was measured in a blinded fashion by exposing mice to controlled amounts of heat, cold, pressure or capsaicin and then measuring how long it took the animal to move away or lick away the discomfort caused by capsaicin.

Researchers also tested responses to non-painful stimuli, such as jumping when startled by a sudden loud sound.
"We found that five consecutive days of moderate sleep deprivation can significantly exacerbate pain sensitivity over time in healthy mice," says Alexandre.

"The response was specific to pain, and was not due to a state of general hyperexcitability to any stimuli.
Surprisingly, common analgesics like ibuprofen did not block sleep-loss-induced pain hypersensitivity. Even morphine lost most of its efficacy in sleep-deprived mice.

These observations suggest that patients using these drugs for pain relief might have to increase their dose to compensate for lost efficacy due to sleep loss, thereby increasing their risk for side effects. In contrast, caffeine
and modafinil, drugs used to promote wakefulness, successfully blocked the pain hypersensitivity caused by both acute and chronic sleep loss.

Interestingly, in non-sleep-deprived mice, these compounds had no analgesic properties. Researchers conclude that rather than just taking painkillers, patients with chronic pain might benefit from better sleep habits or sleep-promoting medications at night.

Effects of therapies and lifestyle on diabetes

Diabetes affects blood sugar and caused serious health issues. In type 1 diabetes, the patients are not producing insulin. There is low sensitivity to insulin in type 2 diabetes.

Researchers have produced implantable device that protect beta cells in the pancreas, this device protected mouse's pancreatic beta cells from immune system attack.

Diet rich in fibre will slow down digestion of carbohydrates, regular consumption of vegetables, fruits, whole grains and protein can control type 2 diabetes.

Sedentary lifestyle is dangerous for diabetes patients, regular physical activities can manage the condition.

The size of the stomach may be a problem in portion control, bariatric surgery is recommended to reduce the size of the stomach and to alter hormones that cause weight gain.

How your brain keeps you warm

Recent study from Icahn school of medicine at Mount Sinai explained how the body regulates it's production of heat.

Researchers had hypothesized that macrophages is responsible for keeping the body warm, the recent study suggests sympathetic nervous system.

Christoph Buettner, a professor of medicine led the research team. They focused on catecholamines, hormones released by the sympathetic nervous system to activate brown fat tissue.

Brown adipose is a fat tissue that burns energy and produce heat and keep us warm.

Dr Buettner suggested that one of the ways of controlling effects of diabetes and obesity is to regulate the production of heat and metabolism by the brain and the nervous system.