Link between obesity and diabetes

Researchers have identified a major mechanism by which obesity causes type 2 diabetes, which is a common complication of being overweight. In obesity, insulin released into the blood by the pancreas is unable to pass through the cells that form the inner lining of blood vessels.

As a result, insulin is not delivered to the muscles, where it usually stimulates most of the body's glucose to be metabolized. Blood glucose levels rise, leading to diabetes and its related cardiovascular, kidney and vision problems.

 A major problem in obesity is the delivery of circulating insulin to the muscle, this problem involves immunoglobulins, which are the proteins that make up circulating antibodies. The researchers found that obese mice have an unexpected chemical change in their immunoglobulins.

The abnormal immunoglobulins then act on cells lining blood vessels to inhibit an enzyme needed to transfer insulin from the bloodstream into the muscle. Type 2 diabetes patients have the same chemical change, and if immunoglobulins from a type 2 diabetic individual is given to a mouse, the mouse will becomes diabetic.
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Reversing maternal obesity

A drug that increases energy metabolism may lead to a new approach to prevent obesity in children born to overweight mothers. Research in animal models showed that overweight expectant rats are more likely to have babies who may have an increased risk of developing obesity later in life.

Exercise can reverse some of the negative consequences of maternal obesity. Exercise increases the function of mitochondria, which are the powerhouse of human cells that make energy.

During the study, female mice whose mothers were obese were given either a normal diet or a high-fat diet and given treadmill exercise for nine weeks or nicotinamide mononucleotide NMN for 18 days. The researchers discovered that both the NMN treatment and exercise reduced the negative metabolic consequences of maternal obesity in the offspring.

Both interventions reduced the amount of body fat, and led to some improvement in glucose tolerance and markers of mitochondrial function. A short-term NMN treatment of animals from obese mothers had the same benefit as their siblings who exercised.
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High BMI and blood pressure cause heavy heart

Being overweight or obese creates damaging changes to the structure of the heart, the direct damage that carrying extra weight has on the heart's weight and size, and implicates a range of other modifiable risk factors including high blood pressure.

Researchers measured the effects of a range of lifestyle risk factors, including blood pressure, smoking status, body mass index BMI, exercise, cholesterol, alcohol intake and diabetes, on the four chambers of the heart. They discovered that risk factors could all have varying effects on the heart, but an overall increased heart weight was linked to overweight and obesity.

There is a link between high BMI and heart disease, this increases blood pressure, cholesterol and the risk of developing diabetes, which are all independent risk factors for heart disease. BMI and blood pressure led to heavier and bigger hearts, which increases the risk of heart problems, including heart attacks.

Being overweight, sedentary lifestyle, eating junk foods and having high blood pressure on the structure and function of the heart for a long period of time may lead to heart disease and heart failure which may leads to irreversible heart damage.
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Obesity linked to different cancers

There is a link between obesity and different cancers, being obese or overweight was associated with cancer.
Some of the cancers linked with obesity include: brain cancer; multiple myeloma; cancer of the esophagus; postmenopausal breast cancer; cancers of the thyroid, gallbladder, stomach, liver, pancreas, kidney, ovaries, uterus and colon.

Of all cancers, 55 percent in women and 24 percent in men were associated with overweight and obesity. Blacks and whites had higher rates of weight-related cancer than other racial or ethnic groups. Black men and American Indian/Alaska Native men had higher rates of cancer than white men.

Except for colon cancer, cancers tied to overweight and obesity increased among those younger than 75 years.
Some other risk factors are smoking of cigarettes, drinking of alcohol, genetics,
sedentary lifestyle and poor nutrition.

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Poor sleep pattern linked with overweight

Poor sleep patterns are linked with overweight, obesity and poor metabolic health. Sleeping less than seven hours recommended for an adults increases the risk of overweight.

Insufficient sleep could contribute to the development of metabolic diseases like diabetes, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, blood sugar and thyroid function.

Obesity contributes to the development of many diseases like type 2 diabetes. Shorter sleep was also linked to reduced levels of high density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol.

 HDL cholesterol is 'good' cholesterol that helps remove 'bad' fat from the circulation. High HDL cholesterol levels protect the heart from diseases.
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Causes of type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a disorder of metabolism, the condition occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the insulin produced does not work properly.

Insulin resistance means that the cells of the body do not fully respond to insulin that is released. This makes glucose to remains in the blood instead of being moved into the cells.

Common symptoms of Type 2 diabetes are: extreme thirst, frequent urination fatigue, blurred vision, sudden weight loss and increased appetite.

It can reduce life expectancy if it is not managed properly and cause different health complications. These factors increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Age increases the risk of diabetes, diabetes is common among adults, aging and insulin resistance are closely connected because old people gain weight and become inactive.

Another risk factor is being overweight
especially if you are large around the middle because it increases pressure on body’s ability to use insulin properly to control blood sugar levels.

The pressure of blood flowing through the arteries varies at different times in the heartbeat cycle and the systolic pressure measures the pressure when heart contracts and blood is forced through the arteries. High blood pressure can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Genetics can contribute to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Parents can transfer it to their children. Mutations in any gene involved in controlling glucose levels can increase risk of type 2 diabetes. These include genes that control: production of glucose, production and regulation of insulin and how glucose levels are measured in the body

High blood glucose levels during pregnancy may leads to the development of type 2 diabetes in future.

Healthy eating, an active lifestyle and regular medical examination can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
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IVF babies may become overweight

According to the latest research, children born through In Vitro Fertilization IVF may become overweight. Hormones used to harvest women's eggs for IVF can make their children to be overweight, these hormones can alter their normal cells patterns and affect their genes.

Embryos that spend close to 5days growing in culture before being transferred to the mother’s womb are more likely to be born fatter than normal for their gestational age. Those that spend 2 to 3 days may not be very fat.

Starting life in a laboratory dish may increase storing of fat in their body, storing fat early may put IVF children at risk of cardiovascular disease in future.
IVF procedure may program them to store food as fat throughout their lives.

Chemicals used during IVF affect the way fetus absorb nutrients, make the children slightly smaller at birth but increase their weight gain when they are older compared to children that started their life in the womb.
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Weight maintenance may prevent diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic disease with many health consequences, being overweight is associated with type 2 diabetes. Obese people who lose weight, exercise and improve their diet can lower their risk of developing diabetes.

According to latest research, maintaining the same weight as you age may prevent diabetes, even in people who are moderately overweight.

We studied over 30,000 people aged 30 to 60 from Västerbotten county in northern Sweden. The participants had their weight and blood sugar measured on two occasions, ten years apart.

Based on the body mass index (BMI) of the participants, over a third of them were overweight and about a tenth were obese. We discovered that after ten years, one third of the people had maintained the same weight, just over half had gained weight and about a sixth had lost weight.

Comparing occurrence of newly diagnosed diabetes after 10 years in those who gained any weight to those who maintained their weight, we found that the risk of diabetes was considerably lower in those who maintained their weight.

These results show that diabetes can be prevented even in people who are moderately overweight.

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Animal protein may cause liver disease

There are more than 100 different types of liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD is when their is a build up fat in the liver cells that is not linked to consumption of alcohol.

Excess consumption of animal protein can cause NAFLD, when quantities of fat in liver is more than 10 percent of its total weight, then too much fat is affecting the functions of the liver.

 NAFLD can cause liver cirrhosis, cancer and dysfunction of the liver. Researchers examined adults to discover the contribution of diet on NAFLD.

Researchers collected data from 3,440 people, 30 percent were lean and 70 percent overweight. Ultrasound scan found NAFLD in 35 percent of the people examined.

The ultrasound result shows that animal protein is linked with NAFLD in overweight people. Diet rich in animal proteins and over processed food can disturb body homoeostasis, glucose metabolism and acid-based balance in the body.

Increase in weight increases death risk

A new study suggests increase in death risk for overweight and obese people. Being overweight or obese attract many diseases like: cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, and heart disease.

Scientists examined data from 225,000 people, after checking their weight history, the results shows that becoming overweight at any stage in life could have negative impact on health.

The overall risk of dying increased based on their maximum Body Mass Index BMI, 10 percent increased risk for the overweight, 34 percent for obese, and 98 percent for the morbidly obese.

Being underweight does not have advantage, underweight people have increase overall risk of death by 46 percent and 77 percent for heart disease.