Hormonal imbalances can cause excess weight in different parts of the body

Latest research shows excess weight may gather in certain areas regardless of how much you diet or exercise, as a result of hormone imbalances. Lifestyle, diet and genetics play a part. Human bodies evolved to react to danger by producing the stress hormone cortisol, to trigger the release of energy for the ‘fight or flight’ response. Excess cortisol sparks the release of energy in the form of fat and glucose. This is redeposited as fat round the waist.

Eat little and often to keep blood sugar levels stable, as fluctuations can trigger cortisol release.  Eat foods with a low glycemic load, such as apples, wholegrain bread or cashews, which slowly release energy. Too much oestrogen can cause fat to build in the buttocks and thighs. Those fat cells manufacture more oestrogen, and, in turn, more fat is stored. Drinking too much alcohol means the liver can’t clear oestrogen from the blood.

Fat ankles are often the result of fluid retention, which can be caused by a lack of progesterone. Progesterone acts as a diuretic, flushing excess liquid from the body. Bulging calves may be made worse by low levels of human growth hormone, which seems to prompt fat storage in the legs.

Foods rich in vitamin E may boost progesterone. These include sunflower seeds and peanut butter. Reduce sodium intake as this is key in regulating blood pressure and fluid levels, which can help with water retention in the legs and ankles. Avoid processed food such as ready meals. And to boost human growth hormone, get plenty of sleep-HGH is only released at night in adults.

A chubby face, as well as a flabby neck, could be down to too little thyroxine, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. An underactive thyroid slows the metabolism, which may cause bloating. Another symptom is a swollen neck, called goitre, where the thyroid gland becomes a visible bump. Taking a supplement with selenium, which helps body use thyroxine more efficiently.

Human produces a hormone called DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone), which is converted into testosterone-DHEA helps build lean muscle mass. When testosterone levels drop too low, muscle mass can be replaced with fat-this is noticeable on the upper arms, which have large muscles.
Women's testosterone levels drop with age, peaking in their 20s, then halving by menopause, but certain foods can help. Consume more protein, such as fish, eggs, tofu and nuts. Zinc, magnesium and vitamin B6 also promote testosterone production.

The rolls that hang over the back of your bra could be because of low levels of human growth hormone (HGH). During the night, women’s pituitary glands release human growth hormone, which stimulates fat cells to release energy to repair the body’s tissues. Too little HGH and fat cells don’t receive the message to convert fat into energy. Studies show adults who lack HGH often have a high level of body fat around the trunk, especially the back.

Melatonin-rich foods, such as raspberries, can increase HGH secretion by up to 157 per cent. Melatonin triggers the release of hormones that tell the body it’s time for sleep. Another study found foods high in the amino acid glutamine, such as yoghurt, can raise HGH production.
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Links between gut bacteria and obesity

A new Johns Hopkins study of mice with the rodent equivalent of metabolic syndrome has added to evidence that the intestinal microbiome-a "garden" of bacterial, viral and fungal genes plays a substantial role in the development of obesity and insulin resistance in mammals, including humans.

Highlighting the potential to prevent obesity and diabetes by manipulating levels and ratios of gut bacteria, and modifying the chemical and biological pathways for metabolism-activating genes.

Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions including obesity around the waist, high blood sugar and increased blood pressure, is a risk factor for heart disease, stroke and diabetes. While no precise cause for metabolic syndrome is known, previous studies of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a protein that receives chemical signals to activate inflammation, have suggested that TLR4 may be responsible in part for its development.

TLR4 signaling in different cells and their association with the bacterial environment could result in different effects on the development of metabolic syndrome. To determine whether TLR4 specifically in the intestinal epithelium (layer of cells that line the small and large intestines) would cause the development of metabolic syndrome, the research team ran a series of experiments on normal mice and mice genetically modified to lack TLR4 in their intestinal epithelium.

The researchers fed both groups of mice "standard chow," with 22 percent fat calories, for 21 weeks. Compared to normal mice, those lacking TLR4 showed a series of symptoms consistent with metabolic syndrome, such as significant weight gain, increased body and liver fat, and insulin resistance. The researchers then fed both groups of mice a high-fat diet comprised of 60 percent fat calories for 21 weeks to find out whether diet would affect the development of metabolic syndrome.

The genetically modified mice gained significantly more in weight and had greater body and liver fat than the normal mice. To confirm the role of TLR4 expression in the intestinal epithelium, the researchers genetically modified three more groups of mice: one group expressed TLR4 only in the intestinal epithelium, another group lacked TLR4 in all body cells and the third group lacked TLR4 only in white blood cells.

All groups ate standard chow, and all groups had similar body weight, body and liver fat, and glucose tolerance compared to normal mice. Compared with normal mice, belly and small intestine fat was higher in mice lacking TLR4 only in the intestinal epithelium. This, the researchers say, provides further evidence that deleting TLR4 specifically from the intestinal epithelium is required for developing metabolic syndrome.

To investigate the role the bacterial makeup of the gut had on the mice, they administered antibiotics to the normal and TLR4 intestinal epithelium-deficient mice. Antibiotics significantly reduced the amount of bacteria in the intestinal tract and prevented all symptoms of metabolic syndrome in the mice that lacked TLR4 in their intestinal epitheliums.

This shows that bacterial levels can be manipulated to prevent the development of metabolic syndrome. To further explore the role of intestinal epithelial TLR4 on the development of metabolic syndrome, the research team analyzed fecal samples from the TLR4 intestinal epithelium-deficient and normal mice.

The team found that specific clusters of bacteria that contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome were expressed differently in the deficient mice than in normal mice. They also determined that the bacteria expressed genes that made them "less hungry" and thus less able to digest the nutrients present in the mouse chow. This resulted in a greater abundance of food for the mouse to absorb, which contributed to obesity.

The researchers then analyzed the genes expressed in the lining of the intestinal mucosa-the site at which food absorption occurs in normal and TLR4 intestinal epithelium -deficient mice. Of note, the team determined that important genes in the perixisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) metabolic pathway were significantly suppressed in the deficient mice.

Administering antibiotics prevented the differences in gene regulation between the two groups of mice, as did administering drugs to activate the PPAR signaling pathway. The bacterial sensor TLR4 regulates both host and bacterial genes that play unrecognized roles in energy metabolism leading to the development of metabolic syndrome in
mice.
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Lutathera for treating gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration had approved Lutathera (lutetium Lu 177 dotatate) for the treatment of a type of cancer that affects the pancreas or gastrointestinal tract called gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). This is the first time a radioactive drug, or radiopharmaceutical, has been approved for the treatment of GEP-NETs. Lutathera is indicated for adult patients with somatostatin receptor-positive GEP-NETs.

GEP-NETs are a rare group of cancers with limited treatment options after initial therapy fails to keep the cancer from growing. GEP-NETs can be present in the pancreas and in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract such as the stomach, intestines, colon and rectum. Lutathera is a radioactive drug that works by binding to a part of a cell called a somatostatin receptor, which may be present on certain tumors. After binding to the receptor, the drug enters the cell allowing radiation to cause damage to the tumor cells.

The approval of Lutathera was supported by two studies. The first was a randomized clinical trial in 229 patients with a certain type of advanced somatostatin receptor-positive GEP-NET. Patients in the trial either received Lutathera in combination with the drug octreotide or octreotide alone. The study measured the length of time the tumors did not grow after treatment (progression-free survival).

Progression-free survival was longer for patients taking Lutathera with octreotide compared to patients who received octreotide alone. This means the risk of tumor growth or patient death was lower for patients who received Lutathera with octreotide compared to that of patients who received only octreotide.

The second study was based on data from 1,214 patients with somatostatin receptor-positive tumors, including GEP-NETS, who received Lutathera at a single site in the Netherlands. Complete or partial tumor shrinkage was reported in 16 percent of a subset of 360 patients with GEP-NETs who were evaluated for response by the FDA.

Patients initially enrolled in the study received Lutathera as part of an expanded access program. Expanded access is a way for patients with serious or immediately life-threatening diseases or conditions who lack therapeutic alternatives to gain access to investigational drugs for treatment use.

Common side effects of Lutathera include low levels of white blood cells (lymphopenia), high levels of enzymes in certain organs (increased GGT, AST and/or ALT), vomiting, nausea, high levels of blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and low levels of potassium in the blood (hypokalemia).

Serious side effects of Lutathera include low levels of blood cells (myelosuppression), development of certain blood or bone marrow cancers (secondary myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia), kidney damage (renal toxicity), liver damage (hepatotoxicity), abnormal levels of hormones in the body (neuroendocrine hormonal crises) and infertility.

Lutathera can cause harm to a developing fetus; women should be advised of the potential risk to the fetus and to use effective contraception. Patients taking Lutathera are exposed to radiation. Exposure of other patients, medical personnel, and household members should be limited in accordance with radiation safety practices.
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Ademlog for treating diabetes

FDA Approves Admelog (insulin lispro) Short-Acting "follow-on" insulin product to treat diabetes, it is a short-acting insulin indicated to improve control in blood sugar levels in adults and pediatric patients aged 3 years and older with type 1 diabetes mellitus and adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes increases the risk of serious health complications, including heart disease, blindness, and nerve and kidney damage. Improvement in blood sugar control through treatment with insulin, a common treatment, can reduce the risk of some of these long-term complications.

Admelog is a short-acting insulin product, which can be used to help patients with diabetes control their blood sugar. Short-acting insulin products are generally, but not always, administered just before meals to help control blood sugar levels after eating. These types of insulin products can also be used in insulin pumps to meet both background insulin needs as well as mealtime insulin needs. This is in contrast to long-acting insulin products, like insulin glargine, insulin degludec and insulin detemir, which are generally used to provide a background level of insulin to control blood sugars between meals, and are administered once or twice a day.

While both types of insulin products can play important roles in the treatment of types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, patients with type 1 diabetes require both types of insulin while patients with type 2 diabetes may never need a short-acting insulin product. Admelog can be administered by injection under the skin (subcutaneous), subcutaneous infusion (i.e., via insulin pump), or intravenous infusion. Dosing of Admelog should be individualized based on the route of administration and the patient’s metabolic needs, blood glucose monitoring results and glycemic control goal.

The most common adverse reactions associated with Admelog in clinical trials was hypoglycemia, itching, and rash. Other adverse reactions that can occur with Admelog include allergic reactions, injection site reactions, and thickening or thinning of the fatty tissue at the injection site (lipodystrophy). Admelog should not be used during episodes of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or in patients with hypersensitivity to insulin lispro or one of its ingredients. Admelog SoloStar prefilled pens or syringes must never be shared between patients, even if the needle is changed.

Admelog may cause low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), which can be life-threatening. Patients should be monitored more closely with changes to insulin dosage, co-administration of other glucose-lowering medications, meal pattern, physical activity and in patients with renal impairment or hepatic impairment or hypoglycemia unawareness. Accidental mix-ups between insulin products can occur, patients should check insulin labels before injecting the insulin product. Severe life-threatening, generalized allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, may occur.
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Effects of DNA on dieting

Research in animal models with different genetics shows that one diet really doesn't fit all, and what works for some may not be best for others. The researchers used four different groups of animal models to look at how five diets affect health over a six-month period. The genetic differences within each group were almost non-existent, while the genetics between any two of the groups would translate to roughly the same as those of two unrelated people.

The researchers chose the test diets to mirror those eaten by humans-an American-style diet (higher in fat and refined carbohydrates, especially corn) and three that have gotten publicity as being 'healthier': Mediterranean (with wheat and red wine extract), Japanese (with rice and green tea extract) and ketogenic, or Atkins-like (high in fat and protein with very few carbs).

The fifth diet was the control group who ate standard commercial chow.
Although some so-called healthy diets did work well for most individuals, one of the four genetic types did very poorly when eating the Japanese-like diet, for example. The fourth strain, which performed just fine on all of the other diets, did terrible on this diet, with increased fat in the liver and markings of liver damage.

They measured physical signs, especially evidence of metabolic syndrome, which is a collection of signs of obesity-related problems, including high blood pressure and cholesterol, fatty liver and levels of blood sugar. They also studied any behavioral differences, from how much they moved around to how much they ate.

Perhaps as could be expected, both in earlier research and in anecdotal evidence in humans, the animal models tended not to do great on the American-style diet. A couple of the strains became very obese and had signs of metabolic syndrome. Other strains showed fewer negative effects, with one showing few changes except for having somewhat more fat in the liver.

With the Mediterranean diet, there was a mix of effects. Some groups were healthy, while others experienced weight gain, although it was less severe than in the American diet. The results demonstrated that a diet that makes one individual lean and healthy might have the complete opposite effect on another. It depends very much on the genetics of the individual and there isn't one diet that is best for everyone.
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How to boost your energy

There are some simple habits we can build into our daily lives which can have a positive impact on our energy levels and overall health, the power of routine-especially when it comes to eating healthily, through meal planning and getting regular exercise can boost energy.

Many people will suffer with insomnia at some point, but making small tweaks to night-time routine could be all it takes to sort out sleep pattern. Human have a master 'body clock' in our brains - also known as the circadian rhythm - that helps us maintain a 24-hour sleep-wake cycle. Disturbing this sleep-wake cycle can expand waist lines and make human prone to illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease.

One of the hormones that can affect human body clock is melatonin. Blue light, emitted from digital devices, lowers melatonin levels and disrupts sleep, people who wore short wavelength-blocking glasses for three hours before bedtime for two weeks had increase night-time melatonin levels. Limiting screen time, applying screen filters or wearing glasses that block blue light improve night sleep. Watching screens from phones and tablets late in the evening boosts alertness and plays havoc with human internal body clock.

Slow-release carbohydrates are a healthier option for breakfast as they keep your blood sugar levels more stable between meals and help you feel more satiated. Getting a good quota of protein will also fill you up for longer. Choose more nourishing breakfasts like porridge with fruit, a vegetable omelette, or wholemeal toast with peanut butter. Water increases energy levels as dehydration leads to fatigue, drink enough water.

Plan your meals- make a master ingredients list, do your shopping and plan time to prepare your meals. Planning ahead can ensure you eat a tasty, healthy diet while limiting food waste. Take a stretch break- regular stretching can relieve stiff muscles and joints. To experience the full benefit, try range-of-motion exercises, which include shoulder shrugs, wrist bends, and knee lifts.

One of the easiest ways to have a major impact on your health and fitness is to move more. This can include walking or cycling to work instead of getting the bus and taking the stairs, not the lift.
Human body is not designed to be sitting for hours. Tracking your habits to discover how you are managing your health. There are many apps for doing so on smart phones that allow you to tick off the goals you achieve each day, remind you to stay on top of them and to check your progress.
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Eating at the wrong time increase the risk of heart disease

Eating late at night increases the risk of heart disease and diabetes by raising levels of harmful blood fats. Shift work, is triggering the killer illnesses by leading to people eating their meals at the wrong time of the day. Experiments on rats found when they ate at the start of their rest period there was a dramatic spike in triglycerides, compared to being fed just before they became active.

Triglycerides are blood fats produced in the liver and derived from foods such as meat, dairy products and cooking oils. They are different from cholesterol but can also clog arteries, leading to cardiovascular disease, or inflame the pancreas, triggering diabetes. People with high levels of triglycerides in their blood are more likely to have heart problems when the part of the rat's brain that controls the circadian rhythm was no longer in change of the fat levels.

Cardiovascular disease and diabetes are linked to a lifestyle where humans ignore the signals of the biological clock and eat in the evening and late at night. The researchers said the study demonstrates why such a routine is out of sync with 24-hour cycle and may result in high blood fat levels and a higher risk for illnesses.

Eating late frequently during with shift work, jet lag, or staying up late at night will harm human health in the long term especially when we eat at times when we should sleep. People put on more weight when they ate three meals a day between noon and 11pm than when they consumed the same amount of calories from 8am to 7pm. The late night meals caused them to pile on by reducing the breaking down of fats.

Delayed eating also led them to store carbohydrates which can lead to weight gain and raised blood sugar and insulin levels, increasing the risk of diabetes. Their cholesterol and triglyceride levels rose too, raising the likelihood of heart disease. Disruption of circadian regulation has been linked to metabolic abnormalities. Epidemiological evidence shows night work is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

As rats are nocturnal, they rest during the day and are active at night. When they ate two hours after the onset of daylight, rather than dark, their triglyceride levels soared. The suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN has a major role in day-night variations in plasma triglycerides by promoting their uptake into skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue.

Disturbance of the biological clock might be an important risk factor contributing to the development of hyperlipidemia (high blood fats). In the last decade studies have documented triglycerides can cause strokes and heart attacks. In humans they rise during the resting phase, suggesting the involvement of the SCN on behavioral activity.

Since triglyceride levels are an important factor in the progress of blood clots, these results may have potential implications for the cause of cardiovascular diseases in the context of inadequate feeding times, shifted towards the rest phase. According to a 2013 study early eaters lost twelve percent of their body weight, while late eaters lost only 8 percent, even though they all followed the same diet and exercise regime.

According to a 2007 study people who eat most of their food at night have higher body mass indexes than those who eat earlier in the day. Another study showed participants who ate between 11 pm and 5am gained more weight than those who did not eat during those hours.
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Stress can shrink the brain

Stress management is a critical and often misunderstood aspect of a brain-healthy lifestyle. Regardless of your degree of risk of developing dementia, stress reduction is crucial to overall health and happiness. Some forms of stress are good for brain -these are purposeful actions that bolster brain reserves, making the brain stronger and more resilient. Unrelenting and uncontrolled stress can destroy the brain and it can start at any age.

Neglect and emotional abuse sustained at a young age have been associated with memory deficits in adulthood. A process called ‘myelination’ by which the neuron’s connections are coated with a protective fatty membrane called myelin to ensure effective communication starts before the age of five and continues into early twenties.

Stress has been shown to significantly affect growth in developing brains, and lower cognitive resilience in childhood-myelination was inefficient or incomplete, which could increase the risk of developing dementia. Stress puts the body in overdrive and subsequently increases the level of stress hormones- cortisol.

These affect blood sugar levels and cause damaging long-term problems such as anxiety, depression, disrupted sleep and depressed immune function, which then makes us more vulnerable to infections and increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

Stress affects each of us differently, but our brains are vulnerable. Studies show chronic stress decreases levels of the crucial protein responsible for the production of new brain cells. It puts the brain in a state of high inflammation, causing structural damage and impairing its ability to clear harmful waste products.

Uncontrolled stress initiates a hormonal cascade that taxes the brain on many levels. It even changes the structure of the brain, destroying cells and effectively shrinking it. Creating a personalised plan of eat a brain-boosting diet, being active, good night rest, avoiding stress, and challenge your brain can be of good help. Stress damages the entire body, but the brain is more susceptible to the damage even more than the heart.
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Insulin aspart injection for blood sugar control

Insulin is a hormone that works by lowering levels of glucose in the blood. Insulin aspart is a fast-acting insulin that starts to work about 15 minutes after injection, peaks in about 1 hour, and keeps working for 2 to 4 hours. Insulin aspart is used to improve blood sugar control in adults and children with diabetes mellitus.

This medicine is used with a long-acting or intermediate-acting insulin. Insulin aspart is used to treat type 2 diabetes in adults. Insulin aspart is also used to treat type 1 diabetes in adults and children who are at least 2 years old. Never share an injection pen, cartridge, or syringe with another person, even if the needle has been changed.

Do not use insulin aspart if you are allergic to it, or if you are having an episode of low blood sugar. Insulin aspart is not approved for use by anyone younger than 2 years old.
Never share an injection pen, cartridge, or syringe with another person, even if the needle has been changed. Sharing these devices can allow infections or disease to pass from one person to another.

Insulin aspart is only part of a treatment program that may also include diet, exercise, weight control, blood sugar testing, and special medical care. Follow your doctor's instructions very closely.Keep this medicine in its original container protected from heat and light. Do not draw insulin from a vial into a syringe until you are ready to give an injection. Do not freeze insulin or store it near the cooling element in a refrigerator. Throw away any insulin that has been frozen.

 Insulin overdose can cause life-threatening hypoglycemia. Symptoms include drowsiness, confusion, blurred vision, numbness or tingling in your mouth, trouble speaking, muscle weakness, jerky movements and seizure.
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Blood sugar monitor without finger pricks

U.S. regulators have approved the first continuous blood sugar monitor for diabetics that doesn't need backup finger prick tests. Current models require users to test a drop of blood twice daily to calibrate, or adjust, the monitor.

The pain of finger sticks and the cost of testing supplies discourage many people from keeping close tabs on their blood sugar, which is needed to manage insulin use and adjust what they eat.

The Food and Drug Administration has approved the device, which continuously monitors diabetics' blood sugar levels without requiring backup finger prick tests. Current models require users to test a drop of blood twice daily to calibrate, or adjust, the monitor.

Too-high blood sugar levels can damage organs and lead to heart attacks, strokes, blindness and amputations. Very low blood sugar can cause seizures, confusion and loss of consciousness.

The device was approved for adults with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, this device cannot be used with an insulin pump, a device worn against the skin that allows users to inject insulin as needed, but the company is planning improvements to eventually enable that.
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Causes of abdominal fat

Excess abdominal fat may be the result of excess consumption of sugar and simple white carbohydrates. However,
sleep deprivation, stress or wrong exercise can leads to abnormal fat.

Having abdominal fat increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart problems.
Cortisol, the stress hormone, plays a part in laying down central adipose tissue. You can avoid stress by engaging in yoga practice and mindfulness to your daily routine.

High-sugar diet can increase abdominal fat, cut down on sugar, saturated fats and white refined foods such as white bread, pasta, rice and potatoes, as they metabolise quickly, resulting in elevated blood sugar levels that promotes fat storage.

Eat more of lean meats, vegetables, fruits, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, such as those found in nuts and avocados. Avoid eating fruit after a meal, as fruit can cause food to ferment in your stomach, leading to bloating and lots of gas.

Fat can play a vital role in weight loss, by slowing the release of nutrients into the bloodstream, add little fat to your meal. Hormonal disruption can affect fat distribution, seek medical help.
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Daily magnesium supplements reduces blood pressure

Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood in arteries that is required to keep blood flowing all over the body. High blood pressure occurs if the walls of the larger arteries lose the natural elasticity and become rigid, and the smaller blood vessels become narrower.

Taking a 300mg magnesium supplements reduce blood pressure, this can lowers hypertension and boosts blood flow. Magnesium cream could be used as an alternative to medication for high blood pressure. The cream boosts levels of magnesium in the blood.

Magnesium is a mineral that’s found naturally in many foods like leafy vegetables, almond, spinach, cashew, peanut, wheat cereal, soy milk, black beans and banana.

Magnesium in the body is responsible for production of protein, healthy bone formation, maintaining healthy heart and controlling blood sugar
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Sleep apnea raises matabolic and cardiovascular stress

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which the upper airway becomes periodically obstructed during sleep. Untreated sleep apnea can increase blood sugar and fat levels, stress hormones and blood pressure.

Obstructive sleep apnea OSA affects many people, it occurs when the upper airway closes off during sleep, temporarily interrupting breathing. The severity of sleep apnea also correlates with high levels of inflammation, an immune response in which white blood cells produce chemicals to fight a foreign substance.

OSA is associated with diabetes and heart disease, researchers measured free fatty acids in the blood, glucose, insulin and cortisol of people. Researchers have discovered that continuous positive airways pressure CPAP withdrawal caused recurrence of OSA associated with sleep disruption, elevated heart rate and reduced blood oxygen.

It also withdrawal increased levels of free fatty acids, glucose, cortisol and blood pressure during sleep. The more severe the obstructive sleep apnea the more these parameters increased.
Inflammation originating from abdominal fat precedes the development of sleep apnea, weight loss can reduce the severity of sleep apnea.

 The levels of glucose increased in diabetes patients, increases in fatty acids, glucose and cortisol have all been linked to diabetes, blood pressure increased and the arteries showed signs of stiffness in the without CPAP.

Increased blood pressure and vascular stiffness can contribute to cardiovascular disease. Researchers have discovered that increases in waist circumference were positively correlated with increases in cardio pulmonary resuscitation CRP in men. Increases in CRP predicted sleep apnea in adolescence.
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Stress hormone may affect your health

Cortisol is a steroid hormone that regulates a wide range of processes throughout the body. It controls the body’s blood sugar levels, regulates
metabolism, it prevents inflammation, controls salt and water balance.

Blood levels of cortisol are high in the morning and fall throughout the day.  Steady daytime levels of the stress hormone cortisol are associated with health problems like inflammation, obesity and cancer.

Chronic stress may hinder variability of cortisol levels, this is known as stress-related circadian dysregulation.
Inflammation and the immune system dysfunction are the major cause of the loss of variation in cortisol levels.
Fatigue, cancer, depression, and obesity are associated with less variation in cortisol.

Viral infections, vigorous exercises, caffeine and sleep deprivation can cause abnormal increase in cortisol levels. Healthy lifestyle of regular exercise, sound sleep and eating healthy diet can restore cortisol rhythms.
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Healthy heart leads to healthy brain

Healthy lifestyle at 20 protects the brain at 40 and prevents brain shrinkage.
Neuroscientists monitored some participants for more than two decades and discovered that those that follow healthy lifestyle had less brain shrinkage.

Healthy lifestyle of a low-cholesterol diet, regular exercise, no smoking and eating less sugar at 20 prevents brain shrinkage at 40.

The American Heart Association created seven simple steps to improve heart health, these are- maintaining a healthy blood pressure, controlling cholesterol, reducing blood sugar, being active, eating healthy foods, losing weight and no smoking.

There is a link between smoking and smaller brain volume. Smoking can leads to thinning of the brain cortex, the outer part of the brain that is crucial for cognition.

Smoking increases the blood pressure and put the brain at the risk of stroke. A stroke occurs when high blood pressure causes the tiny vessels of the brain to break, causing bleeding.
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Healthy foods for type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is when a pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when their is resistant to insulin.
Blood glucose levels can be manage with healthy foods and active lifestyle.

What you eat regularly is essential for weight control and reducing blood glucose levels when you have type 2 diabetes. Balance is the key for eating healthy diet, you don't have to fast, avoid carbohydrates or any class of food.

Choosing healthy foods from different classes of foods can lower blood sugar. Foods with low-glycemic levels slowly digest to avoid spikes in blood sugar levels.

 Eat foods like apples, pears, peaches, bananas, mangoes, papayas, almonds, walnuts, whole grains, fish, nuts, seeds, avocados, coconut, organic meat, eggs and wild caught fish.
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Cure for type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is currently controlled by insulin injections, healthy diet, regular exercise and monitoring blood glucose levels.

Two studies by the University of Adelaide have demonstrated for the first time how potential new anti-diabetic drugs could target the body at the molecular level to treat the condition.

Currently the most commonly prescribed anti-diabetic drug is Metformin, which acts on the liver to reduce glucose production.

However, these new drugs work completely differently by targeting a protein receptor known as PPARgamma found in fat tissue throughout the body, and then either fully or partially activating it to lower blood sugar.

It does this by increasing insulin and changing the metabolism of fat and sugar. This make it efficient at reducing blood sugar.

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Weight maintenance may prevent diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic disease with many health consequences, being overweight is associated with type 2 diabetes. Obese people who lose weight, exercise and improve their diet can lower their risk of developing diabetes.

According to latest research, maintaining the same weight as you age may prevent diabetes, even in people who are moderately overweight.

We studied over 30,000 people aged 30 to 60 from Västerbotten county in northern Sweden. The participants had their weight and blood sugar measured on two occasions, ten years apart.

Based on the body mass index (BMI) of the participants, over a third of them were overweight and about a tenth were obese. We discovered that after ten years, one third of the people had maintained the same weight, just over half had gained weight and about a sixth had lost weight.

Comparing occurrence of newly diagnosed diabetes after 10 years in those who gained any weight to those who maintained their weight, we found that the risk of diabetes was considerably lower in those who maintained their weight.

These results show that diabetes can be prevented even in people who are moderately overweight.

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Regular foot test for diabetic patients

Diabetic patients have greater risk of developing problems with their feet, due to the damage high blood sugar can cause to sensation and circulation.

Incurable foot ulcers or any injury can lead to amputation as a result of lack of sensitivity at that part of the body.

Diabetic patients must undergo annual check up, people should also perform the touch toes test to make sure their feet are still sensitive.

The test involves very lightly touching six toes, three on each foot to find out how many of the touches are felt. The touch must be gentle, light as a feather and brief.

If sensation is impaired you may not realise if minor damage has occurred and left untreated may increase the risk of infection.

Visit your doctor as soon as you discovered a cut or have any concerns about your foot and legs.

Links between blood sugar and brain cancer

Diabetes and elevated blood sugar increase the risk of different types of cancer.

Human brain accounts for 2 percent of body weight but consumes about 20 percent of body's glucose.

Brain tumors are common among people who have normal levels of blood glucose than those with high blood sugar or diabetes.

Glioma is one of the most common types of cancerous tumors originating in the brain. It begins in the cells that surround nerve cells.

This shows that elevated blood sugar may be associated with a protective factor that reduces brain tumor risk

Insulin-like growth factor is associated with glioma recurrence and is found in lower levels in people with diabetes than those who don't have the disease.