Low magnesium levels makes Vitamin D ineffective

Vitamin D can't be metabolized without sufficient magnesium levels. Without magnesium, Vitamin D is not really useful or safe," says study co-author Mohammed S. Razzaque, MBBS, PhD, a professor of pathology at Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine. Razzaque explains that consumption of Vitamin D supplements can increase calcium and phosphate levels even if Vitamin D is deficient. People may suffer from vascular calcification if their magnesium levels aren't high enough to prevent the complication.

Patients with optimum magnesium levels require less Vitamin D supplementation to achieve sufficient Vitamin D levels. Magnesium also reduces osteoporosis, helping to mitigate the risk of bone fracture that can be attributed to low levels of Vitamin D. Deficiency in either of these nutrients is reported to be associated with various disorders, including skeletal deformities, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome.

While the recommended daily allowance for magnesium is 420 mg for males and 320 mg for females. Magnesium status is low in people who consume processed foods that are high in refined grains, fat, phosphate, and sugar. Consuming an optimal amount of magnesium may lower the risks of Vitamin D deficiency, and reduce the dependency on Vitamin D supplements.

Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the human body after calcium, potassium, and sodium. Foods high in magnesium are almonds, bananas, beans, broccoli, brown rice, cashews, egg yolk, fish oil, flaxseed, green vegetables, milk, mushrooms, nuts, oatmeal, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, soybeans, sunflower seeds, sweet corn, tofu, and whole grains.
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Calcium and Vitamin D supplements not responsible for heart attack

New research from the University of Southampton has found no association between the use of calcium or vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events such as heart attacks. Calcium and vitamin D supplements, which usually come in the forms of tablets, are widely used and have been generally viewed as relatively safe, but some researchers have previously raised concerns over potential links with cardiovascular disease.

Investigators from the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton (MRC LEU), used the internationally unique UK Biobank cohort, comprising over 500,000 men and women aged between 40 and 69 years, to explore relationships between use of calcium and vitamin D supplementation and the risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attacks.

The analysis accounted for a wide range of other potential influences, and did not detect any statistically significant associations between use of the supplements and events such as heart attacks, hospital admission for angina, or related deaths.

Calcium and vitamin D supplements are widely used in the population, and are particularly appropriate for those at risk of deficiency in either nutrient. In this situation there is good evidence that they provide a modest reduction in fracture risk, although do not replace medications specifically licensed for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Molecule could prevent prediabetes

Levels of CoQ and the presence of insulin resistance were analysed in a range of experimental laboratory settings, mouse models and samples from humans, as part of an ambitious research collaboration conducted with the University of Sydney, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Genentech Inc. and the University of New South Wales.

Concentrations of CoQ were found to be lower in insulin resistant body fat and muscle tissue. When the researchers replenished CoQ, insulin resistance or pre-diabetes was reversed. Co-author Dr Daniel Fazakerley from the University of Sydney's School of Life and Environmental Science and Charles Perkins Centre said CoQ provides a vital role in converting nutrients like fat and sugar into usable energy.

CoQ is found in mitochondria, the power plants in the cells of human body, where it is required for the flow of electricity to the cell's 'motor' which is responsible for energy production. Energy production can also generate reactive chemical species-often referred to as 'reactive oxygen species' or 'oxidants' as by-products, which can be damaging to cells. Previous studies have shown that these oxidants can cause insulin resistance. Our study has found that lower mitochondrial CoQ enhanced oxidant formation by mitochondria.

Replenishing CoQ in mitochondria, either in cells or in animals, we were able to restore 'normal' mitochondrial oxidants and reverse insulin resistance. Eating a high fat, high sugar diet has long been known to be a major risk factor for obesity and pre-diabetes. Replenishing CoQ could prove an invaluable preventive measure for insulin resistance- or pre-diabetes-linked diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers and dementia.

However, oral CoQ supplements may not effectively restore mitochondrial CoQ due to its low absorption. The research has provided an impetus to find alternate means of increasing CoQ in mitochondria to treat insulin resistance and pre-diabetes. If not an external supplement, perhaps we can stimulate the body to form more of the coenzyme itself.
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Smoking linked to heart disease and stroke

Smoking just one cigarette a day has a higher risk of developing coronary heart disease and stroke than expected. The researchers say their findings have important consequences for many smokers and health professionals who believe that smoking only a few cigarettes carries little or no harm. They argue that smokers should stop completely instead of cutting down to significantly reduce their risk of heart disease and stroke.

Individual studies have reported that smoking only one to five cigarettes per day is associated with a higher than expected risk of heart disease. To investigate this further, a team of researchers led by Professor Allan Hackshaw at the UCL Cancer Institute at University College London analysed the results of 141 studies and estimated the relative risks for smoking one, five, or 20 cigarettes per day. They found that men who smoked one cigarette per day had 46% of the excess risk of heart disease and 41% of the excess risk of stroke associated with smoking 20 cigarettes per day (much higher than the expected 5%).

For women, those who smoked one cigarette per day had 31% of the excess risk of heart disease and 34% of the excess risk of stroke associated with smoking 20 cigarettes per day. Women's heart disease risk was more than doubled with one cigarette per day, when only studies that controlled for several factors were included in the analysis. Large proportion of the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke comes from smoking only a couple of cigarettes each day.

Cardiovascular disease, not cancer, is the greatest mortality risk for smoking, causing about 48% of smoking-related premature deaths. Any exposure to smoking is too much, there is no safe level of smoking. Smokers should quit instead of cutting down, using appropriate cessation aids if needed, to significantly reduce their risk of stroke and heart disease.
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Mediterranean diet can prevent prostate cancer

Men who followed a Mediterranean diet, rich in fish, boiled potatoes, whole fruits, vegetables, legumes, and olive oil, and low consumption of juices had lower risk of aggressive prostate cancer PC than those who followed other dietary patterns like Prudent or Western diets.  PC is the most common type of cancer in men and can have a high mortality rate, evidence linking PC to specific environmental, occupational, or dietary exposures has been limited. Recent studies have investigated whether certain dietary patterns impact cancer risks, but the results have been inconsistent.

"This study adds important evidence to the scarce information regarding the association of diet with PC, and highlights the relevance of focusing on global dietary patterns," explained lead investigator Beatriz Perez-Gomez, PhD, Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Madrid). Diet oriented towards the prevention of aggressive tumors in the prostate should include important elements of the Mediterranean diet such as fish, legumes, and olive oil, high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

The authors explored the relationship between the risk of having PC and dietary patterns as part of the MCC-Spain study, a Spanish case-control study that involved 733 patients with histologically confirmed PC and 1,229 healthy men with a mean age of 66 years from seven Spanish regions. Anthropometric, epidemiologic, and dietary data were collected.

Adherence to the three dietary patterns of Western, Prudent, and Mediterranean, which characterize the dietary habits of the Spanish population, was evaluated, The Western pattern includes consumption of large amounts of fatty dairy products, refined grains, processed meat, caloric beverages, sweets, fast food, and sauces.

 The Prudent pattern involves consumption of low-fat dairy products, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and juices. Finally, the Mediterranean pattern consists of high consumption of fish, boiled potatoes, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and olive oil, and low consumption of juices. The diets were graded according to the degree of adherence to each pattern and assigned to four quartiles from lower to higher adherence within each pattern.

Only a high adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern appeared to be associated with a lower risk of aggressive PC. Prudent and Mediterranean dietary patterns showed different effects in low and high grade tumors. PC was assessed using Gleason scores of tumor aggressiveness (<6 or ?6) and clinical stage (cT1b to cT4). A Gleason score of <6 typically indicates a less aggressive tumor with generally good prognosis.

 Lower clinical stage (cT1-cT2a) indicates a tumor that has not spread. Results indicated that for more aggressive and more extensive tumors (Gleason >6 and stages cT2b to cT4), only high adherence to the Mediterranean diet showed a statistically significant protective effect. All other dietary patterns and tumor characteristics showed little or no correlation and did not achieve statistical significance.

There is a contrast between the relevance of prostate cancer in terms of public health and the evidence regarding its primary prevention. If other researchers confirm these results, the promotion of the Mediterranean dietary pattern might be an efficient way of reducing the risk of developing advanced PC, in addition to lowering the risk of other prevalent health problems in men such as cardiovascular disease. Dietary recommendations should take into account whole patterns instead of focusing on individual foods.
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Eating at the same time regularly may fight dementia

 Regular meals improve gene expression in the region of the brain associated with body control, which often degenerates in Huntington's disease (HD); a form of dementia. Such eating habits also boost sleep quality and heart health, which are related to HD, in mice with the condition. Researchers believe the findings will also apply to humans and may improve the quality of life for patients with such incurable diseases.

Study author Professor Christopher Colwell, from The University of California, LA, said: 'HD is a genetically caused disease with no known cure.'  Lifestyle changes does not only improve the quality of life but also delay disease progression for HD patients are greatly needed. One group of mice were given food during a six-hour period when they were most active, which is at night as the animals are nocturnal.

The remainder ate whenever they liked. The quantity of food was the same between both groups. Professor Colwell said: 'In humans, the time of food availability would be during the day when food is normally consumed while the fast would be extended past the normal night. 'Feeding schedules play a role in the treatment of Huntington's disease'. Results reveal regular meal plans improve gene expression in the region of the brain associated with body control, known as the striatum, which often degenerates in HD.

Such eating habits also improve diseased mice's ability to run on a treadmill and balance on a beam, as well as assisting their heart rate, which is a sign of cardiovascular health. After three months of treatment, when mice reached the early disease stage, they showed improvements in their locomotor activity rhythm and sleep awakening time. The eating pattern  improved their heart rate variability, suggesting their nervous system dysfunction was improved.

Treated mice exhibited improved motor performance compared to untreated controls, this suggests feeding schedules could play a role in the treatment of HD and could lead to the development of new treatment options for neurodegenerative disorders. Regular meals boost gene expression in the brain region associated with body control. HD is a genetically caused disease with no known cure.

Lifestyle changes can improve the quality of life and delay disease progression for HD patients. Lifestyle interventions have been suggested to be preventative and therapeutic for diseases associated with ageing, such as type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders.
Caloric restriction can prolong life span and protect against a variety of pathological conditions.
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How food influenced how fat is stored

Scan images reveal for the first time how weight is stored in the body. Compared to a low-fat diet, eating Mediterranean foods with a minimal-carbohydrates intake for lunch just three times a week significantly reduces fat storage around the heart and liver. Adopting a diet rich in vegetables, fruit and nuts also significantly reduces waist circumference.

 Moderate exercise combined with a Mediterranean/low carbohydrates diet may reduce the amount of some fat deposits. Moderate, but persistent, weight loss may have dramatic beneficial effects on fat deposits related to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Storing excess fat around the organs increases the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and stroke.

The researchers analysed sedentary adults with abdominal obesity or abnormally high levels of lipids in their blood.The study's participants were given either a low-fat or Mediterranean-diet lunch at least three times a week for months. Both lunches contained the same number of calories. All of the participants also received a daily 28g snack of walnuts. Some of the participants were given free gym membership to complete moderate physical activity.

Whole-body MRI scans were taken at six and 18 months. Mediterranean diets reduce waist circumference and internal fat. Results reveal exercise combined with a Mediterranean diet significantly reduces fat storage around the heart and liver more than eating low-fat food.

Such a diet also decreases waist circumference. Weight loss is similar between people eating either diets. These findings suggest that moderate exercise combined with a Mediterranean/low carb diet may help reduce the amount of some fat deposits even if you don't lose significant weight as part of the effort.
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Saturated fatty acids can damage cells

Excess saturated fats, such as those released from lard, are toxic to cells and cause a wide variety of lipid-related diseases, while unsaturated fats, such as those from fish and olive oil, can be protective. Researchers developed a new microscopy technique that allows for the direct tracking of fatty acids after they've been absorbed into living cells. The technique involves replacing hydrogen atoms on fatty acids with their isotope, deuterium, without changing their physicochemical properties and behavior like traditional strategies do.

By making the switch, all molecules made from fatty acids can be observed inside living cells by an advanced imaging technique called stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy.
What the researchers found using this technique could have significant impact on both the understanding and treatment of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

The cellular process of building the cell membrane from saturated fatty acids results in patches of hardened membrane in which molecules are "frozen." Under healthy conditions, this membrane should be flexible and the molecules fluidic. The stiff, straight, long chains of saturated fatty acids rigidify the lipid molecules cause them to separate from the rest of the cell's membrane.

Under their microscope, the team observed that those lipid molecules then accumulate in tightly-packed clusters, that don't move much-a state called "solid-like." As more saturated fatty acids enter the cell, those clusters grow in size, creating increasing inelasticity of the membrane and gradually damaging the entire cell.

Lipid molecules made from unsaturated fatty acids bear a kink in their chains, which makes it impossible for these lipid molecules to align closely with each other as saturated ones do. They continue to move around freely rather than forming stationary clusters. In their movement, these molecules can jostle and slide in between the tightly-packed saturated fatty acid chains.
Adding unsaturated fatty acids could 'melt' the membrane clusters frozen by saturated fatty acids, the behavior of saturated fatty acids once they've entered cells contributes to major and often deadly diseases.
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Traumatic event increase a woman's risk of obesity

According to a new study, women who have experienced traumatic events are more likely to become obese. Researchers discovered that the more traumatic events women reported experiencing in the last five years, the more likely they were to become obese. Obesity can leads to elevated risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, and other serious health problems.

As much as 20 percent of people who experience trauma develop post traumatic stress disorder PTSD, but women are twice likely to suffer from the disorder as are their male counter parts. Stress from sources like bullying and economic strain has well-documented links to eating disorders, including over-eating and obesity. Since women are more prone to both extreme stress or PTSD and obesity, the study authors suggest that more attention needs to be paid to these relationships.

The researchers analysed data on both the women’s body mass indexes BMI and self-reported stress. The divided stressors into two categories: Significant traumatic events like physical violence or the death of a child that could have occurred any time in their lives and still be affecting them, and ‘negative life events’ that had occurred in the last five years.

Living through just one traumatic life event increased the risk of obesity by 11 percent, over that of women who reported no traumatic events. Those that had experienced four or more ‘negative life events’ were at a 36 percent greater risk of obesity.Women are living longer and are more at risk for chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity is related to increased risks of heart attack, stroke, diabetes and cancer, and contributes to spiraling healthcare costs.
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Low protein diet for longevity

Having a low-protein diet early in life may help you live longer. A study found fruit flies which share more than two thirds of humans genes live twice as long when given minimal protein diet at tender age. A typical western diet is high in protein and fats from meat, diary, and eggs with red meat in linked to heart disease and cancer. There is an evidence that eating too much protein long-term can lead to an increased risk of osteoporosis and kidney problems.

The researchers also believe their findings could be explained because a low-protein diet produces less toxic lipids secreted by the skin. Health skin lipids form a natural barrier keeping out dirt, impurities and harmful chemicals that can accelerate ageing. Scientists used the fly drosophila melanogaster to understand how diet in early life acts to alter lifespan. These insects are used in lifespan experiments because it lives for only two to three months.

The team stressed that there was enough evidence to recommend pregnant women go on low-protein diets to boost their unborn child's health. There is evidence in humans and other mammals that a mother's diet can alter the risk of her offspring developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes later in life, but the genetic processes underlying this effect remain to be identified.
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Eating at the wrong time increase the risk of heart disease

Eating late at night increases the risk of heart disease and diabetes by raising levels of harmful blood fats. Shift work, is triggering the killer illnesses by leading to people eating their meals at the wrong time of the day. Experiments on rats found when they ate at the start of their rest period there was a dramatic spike in triglycerides, compared to being fed just before they became active.

Triglycerides are blood fats produced in the liver and derived from foods such as meat, dairy products and cooking oils. They are different from cholesterol but can also clog arteries, leading to cardiovascular disease, or inflame the pancreas, triggering diabetes. People with high levels of triglycerides in their blood are more likely to have heart problems when the part of the rat's brain that controls the circadian rhythm was no longer in change of the fat levels.

Cardiovascular disease and diabetes are linked to a lifestyle where humans ignore the signals of the biological clock and eat in the evening and late at night. The researchers said the study demonstrates why such a routine is out of sync with 24-hour cycle and may result in high blood fat levels and a higher risk for illnesses.

Eating late frequently during with shift work, jet lag, or staying up late at night will harm human health in the long term especially when we eat at times when we should sleep. People put on more weight when they ate three meals a day between noon and 11pm than when they consumed the same amount of calories from 8am to 7pm. The late night meals caused them to pile on by reducing the breaking down of fats.

Delayed eating also led them to store carbohydrates which can lead to weight gain and raised blood sugar and insulin levels, increasing the risk of diabetes. Their cholesterol and triglyceride levels rose too, raising the likelihood of heart disease. Disruption of circadian regulation has been linked to metabolic abnormalities. Epidemiological evidence shows night work is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

As rats are nocturnal, they rest during the day and are active at night. When they ate two hours after the onset of daylight, rather than dark, their triglyceride levels soared. The suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN has a major role in day-night variations in plasma triglycerides by promoting their uptake into skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue.

Disturbance of the biological clock might be an important risk factor contributing to the development of hyperlipidemia (high blood fats). In the last decade studies have documented triglycerides can cause strokes and heart attacks. In humans they rise during the resting phase, suggesting the involvement of the SCN on behavioral activity.

Since triglyceride levels are an important factor in the progress of blood clots, these results may have potential implications for the cause of cardiovascular diseases in the context of inadequate feeding times, shifted towards the rest phase. According to a 2013 study early eaters lost twelve percent of their body weight, while late eaters lost only 8 percent, even though they all followed the same diet and exercise regime.

According to a 2007 study people who eat most of their food at night have higher body mass indexes than those who eat earlier in the day. Another study showed participants who ate between 11 pm and 5am gained more weight than those who did not eat during those hours.
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Infertility increases the risk of untimely death

According to a new study, infertility increases a woman's chance of untimely death compared to women who have had children. Having fertility problems also raised the chance of getting breast cancer and diabetes.

Having children protects women from untimely death, research shows that giving birth has a rejuvenating effect on a woman's body, being infertile may be a sign of underlying health problems, which may worsen overall health.

Women were classed as infertile, if they had reported being unable to conceive for one year. Female infertility patients had a higher risk of death from hormone related disorders such as breast cancer and diabetes.

Infertility was not linked to higher rates of ovarian cancer, or cancers of the womb. And even though the incidence of diabetes was similar in fertile and infertile women, infertile women experienced an increased risk of death from endocrine related diseases.

Having a baby is protective for health. Looking at the studies of women who have never given birth to children, they are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and several malignancies. Sharing blood with a growing fetus rejuvenates the mother's blood.
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How the skin controlled blood pressure

Skin plays a surprising role in regulating blood pressure and heart rate, Skin is the largest organ, covering two square metres in humans - helps regulate blood pressure and heart rate in response to changes in the amount of oxygen available in the environment.

High blood pressure is associated with cardiovascular disease, such as heart attack and stroke. For the vast majority of cases of high blood pressure, there is no known cause. It is often associated with reduced flow of blood through small blood vessels in the skin and other parts of the body, a symptom which can get progressively worse if the hypertension is not treated.

Previous research has shown that when a tissue is starved of oxygen - as can happen in areas of high altitude, or in response to pollution, smoking or obesity, for example - blood flow to that tissue will increase. In such situations, this increase in blood flow is controlled in part by the 'HIF' family of proteins.

To investigate what role the skin plays in the flow of blood through small vessels, a team of researchers exposed mice to low-oxygen conditions. These mice had been genetically modified so that they are unable to produce certain HIF proteins in the skin.

The study was set up to understand the feedback loop between the skin and the cardiovascular system. By working with mice. Researchers were able to manipulate key genes involved in this loop. They discovered that in mice lacking one of two proteins in the skin HIF-1α or HIF-2α, the response to low levels of oxygen changed compared to normal mice and that this affected their heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature and general levels of activity.

Mice lacking specific proteins controlled by the HIFs also responded in a similar way.
In addition, the response of normal, healthy mice to oxygen starvation was more complex than expected. In the first ten minutes, blood pressure and heart rate rise, and this is followed by a period of 36 hours where blood pressure and heart rate decrease below normal levels. 48 hours after exposure to low levels of oxygen and blood pressure the heart rate levels had returned to normal.

Loss of the HIF proteins or other proteins involved in the response to oxygen starvation in the skin, was discovered to change when this process starts and how long it takes. Skin's response to low levels of oxygen may have substantial effects on how the heart pumps blood around the body.
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How obesity causes breast cancer

Obesity leads to the release of cytokines into the bloodstream which impact the metabolism of breast cancer cells, making them aggressive to treatment.
Severe overweight can lead to various health impairments. Besides inducing cardiovascular diseases, obesity for example also promotes the development of cancer and metastases.

ACC1 acetyl-CoA-carboxylase 1, a central component of fatty acid synthesis. ACC1 mediates the chemical addition of carbon dioxide to acetyl-CoA, which results in malonyl-CoA. This reaction is the first and speed determining step in the fatty acid synthesis of all living organisms.

ACC1 enzymes is a key component of fatty acid synthesis, its function is impaired by the cytokines leptin and TGF-β. The levels of these cytokines are increased particularly in the blood of severely overweight people.

Fatty acid precursors promote metastasis. The inhibition of ACC1 leads to the accumulation of the fatty acid precursor acetyl-CoA. This precursor is transferred to certain gene switches that in turn increase the metastatic capacity of cancer cells by activating a specific gene program.

Scientists used human tissue from breast cancer metastases to show that ACC1 was less active. When the scientists blocked the unknown signaling pathway with an antibody directed against the leptin receptor, this led to a significantly reduced metastatic spread of breast cancer tumors in an experimental model.
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Tension strengthens the heart

Depleted heart tissue regenerates itself in a wave in zebrafish led by a front of fast-moving, supersized cells and trailed by smaller cells that multiply to produce others. The nature of this wavefront and the success of the tissue regeneration that follows is determined by mechanical tension that acts upon the cells.

Manipulating the mechanical tension of the cells may develop new translational approaches. Human heart can not fully heal itself after a heart attack but the zebrafish heart can easily replace cells lost to damage or disease.

The researchers measured a number of properties of the cells in the regenerative wavefront. They discovered that the bigger leader cells migrated across the surface of the heart at higher speeds than the smaller follower cells.

When they measured the levels of tension experienced by the cells, they found that leader cells recoiled faster than follower cells when tiny incisions were applied, much like the surface of an inflated balloon retracts after bursting. The mechanical tension seems to keep the cells from dividing after DNA replication.

The researchers plan to use the zebrafish heart explant culture system to screen for small molecules that could potentially increase the regenerative capacity of heart tissues. Such chemicals could form the basis for new drugs to repair the damage caused by a heart attack or other cardiovascular diseases.

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Antidepressants medications increase the risk of death

Antidepressants are psychiatric medications given to patients with depressive disorders to alleviate symptoms. The medications may be used for social anxiety disorder and dysthymia.

Antidepressant medications increase the risk of death, brain serotonin affects mood, the most commonly used antidepressant treatment for depression blocks the absorption of serotonin by neurons. The major organs in the body - the heart, kidneys, lungs and liver use serotonin from the bloodstream.

Antidepressants block the absorption of serotonin in these organs, the medications increase the risk of death by preventing multiple organs from functioning properly. Antidepressant users also had higher risk of strokes and heart attacks.

The researchers discovered that antidepressants are not harmful for people with cardiovascular diseases such as heart disease and diabetes because antidepressants have blood-thinning effects that are useful in treating such disorders but it is harmful for people with healthy heart.
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Sleep apnea raises matabolic and cardiovascular stress

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which the upper airway becomes periodically obstructed during sleep. Untreated sleep apnea can increase blood sugar and fat levels, stress hormones and blood pressure.

Obstructive sleep apnea OSA affects many people, it occurs when the upper airway closes off during sleep, temporarily interrupting breathing. The severity of sleep apnea also correlates with high levels of inflammation, an immune response in which white blood cells produce chemicals to fight a foreign substance.

OSA is associated with diabetes and heart disease, researchers measured free fatty acids in the blood, glucose, insulin and cortisol of people. Researchers have discovered that continuous positive airways pressure CPAP withdrawal caused recurrence of OSA associated with sleep disruption, elevated heart rate and reduced blood oxygen.

It also withdrawal increased levels of free fatty acids, glucose, cortisol and blood pressure during sleep. The more severe the obstructive sleep apnea the more these parameters increased.
Inflammation originating from abdominal fat precedes the development of sleep apnea, weight loss can reduce the severity of sleep apnea.

 The levels of glucose increased in diabetes patients, increases in fatty acids, glucose and cortisol have all been linked to diabetes, blood pressure increased and the arteries showed signs of stiffness in the without CPAP.

Increased blood pressure and vascular stiffness can contribute to cardiovascular disease. Researchers have discovered that increases in waist circumference were positively correlated with increases in cardio pulmonary resuscitation CRP in men. Increases in CRP predicted sleep apnea in adolescence.
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Low fat intake can cause untimely death

Low-fat diets could increase the risk of an early death, fats have protective effect on human health, people with the lowest fat intake may die young.

Human body needs fat; it carries vitamins and provides essential acids.
Low levels of fat in the body will affect important vitamins and minerals in the body.

Eating excess fat is not healthy, low fat intake is malnutrition, moderation is the key when you are eating fatty foods. Replacing fat with other food is not good for proper body metabolism.

Limiting total fat consumption may have adverse effects on health, high carbohydrate intake increases the risk of mortality while higher intake of fats, including saturated fats, are associated with lower risk of mortality.

Low fat diets increased the risk of cardiovascular disease, moderate consumption of healthy fatty foods would be a healthy choice for longevity.
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Fatty liver can damage other organs

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease  NAFL increases the risk of chronic liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Altered secretion of the fatty liver increases production of glucose, fats, and proteins like hepatokine fetuin-A, which are releases into the bloodstream.

The secreted substances of the fatty liver enter other organs and trigger further reactions. People who had experienced an increased pancreatic fatty degeneration have reduced insulin secretion.

Fatty liver and fatty degeneration of the pancreas triggers increased local immune cell infiltration and inflammation that increase the disease.
However, adipose tissue is not harmful, it can even have protective effects: adipose tissue located around the blood vessels of the kidney has regenerative properties.

The factor that leads to pathological changes is fetuin-A, which is produced by the fatty liver, instead of protecting tissue as before, the adipose tissue brings out inflammatory processes that leads to a restriction of renal function.
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Faulty gene caused obesity

 Researchers have discovered that reduced function of a gene that impacts the breakdown of fats resulted in adult-onset obesity and fatty liver. In normal metabolism, fat and carbohydrate in our diets was broken down to produce the energy that our bodies required by the cellular energy plants, known as mitochondria.

Faulty mitochondrial gene had major impacts on normal metabolic function, if mitochondria are compromised or damaged, the breakdown of fat and carbohydrates will be poorly regulated, which can lead to adult-onset obesity.

Healthy adults will have two copies of the Pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein 1, PTCD1 gene, PTCD1 is vital for the breakdown of fats, carbohydrates and energy production. When one copy of this gene is lost, it results in obesity, fatty liver and heart disease

PTCD1 affects the way mitochondria are formed by changing their shape and making them less connected with each other. Excess weight and obesity are major risk factors for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disease and cancers.
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