Source of ageing process

Genes belong to a process called autophagy - this one of the cells most critical survival processes, it promotes health and fitness in young worms but drive the process of ageing later in life.

 Promoting longevity by closing down autophagy in old worms improves neuronal and subsequent whole body health. Getting old happens to every species, natural selection results in the fittest individuals for a given environment surviving to breed and pass on their genes to the next generation.

The more fruitful a trait is at promoting reproductive success, the stronger the selection for that trait will be. Some genes encourage ageing while still being essential for development, there are series of genes involved in regulating autophagy, which accelerate the ageing process.

The process of autophagy is a critical recycling process in the cell. Autophagy is known to become slower with age and closing it down in the initiation of the process allows the worms to live longer.

There are severe negative consequences when it breaks down and then you are better off bypassing it all together. In young worms, autophagy is working properly and is essential to reach maturity but after reproduction, it begins to malfunction causing the worms to age.

 By inactivating autophagy in the neurons of old worms they were able to prolong the worms life and increased the total health of the worms. Turning autophagy off only in one tissue and the whole animal gets a boost. The neurons are much healthier in the treated worms and keeps the muscles and the rest of the body in good shape.
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New method of correcting genetic infertility

Scientists have created healthy offspring from genetically infertile male mice, providing a new  method of correcting a genetic cause of human infertility.

Human sex is determined by the X and Y chromosomes. Usually, girls have two X chromosomes XX and boys have one X and one Y XY, but 1 in 500 boys are born with an extra X or Y.

Having three rather than two sex chromosomes can hinder formation of mature sperm and cause infertility.
Researchers have discovered a way to remove the extra sex chromosome to produce fertile offspring.

 If the findings can be safely transferred into humans, it might eventually be possible for men with Klinefelter syndrome XXY or double Y syndrome XYY that are infertile to have children through assisted reproduction using this method.

Researchers took small pieces of ear tissue from XXY and XYY mice, cultured them, and collected connective tissue cells known as fibroblasts. They turned the fibroblasts into stem cells and noticed that in the process, some of the cells lost the extra sex chromosome.

With an existing method, they used specific chemical signals to control the stem cells into becoming cells that have the potential to become sperm. These cells developed into mature sperm when injected into the testes of a host mouse.

 The researchers then harvested these mature sperm and used them through assisted reproduction to create healthy, fertile offspring.

Sperm cells have been created in the laboratory, offering hope for a cure for a common cause of male infertility.
About 1 in 500 men have an extra X or Y chromosome, which prevents their sperm production.
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Cell segregation prevents cancer spread

Proper development of organs leads to cells segregation. In many tissues, ephrins are present in one cell population and Eph receptors in the other.

When these cells come into contact, ephrins bind to their receptors, triggering signalling inside both cells that stops them from mixing.

 When cells of different types contacted each other, they rebounded in opposite directions, this repulsion is the main force separating the cell types to form different borders.

In a normal condition, N-cadherin suppresses repulsion between 'like' cells. This suppression is vital for 'like' cells to stick together, and to prevent them from invading 'non-like' cells enabling a sharp border to form between different cell.

Ephrins and their receptors work to keep cells in the right places, and the critical role of N-cadherin to keep like-cells together. But cancer cells cross borders and spread through the body.
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Thrombectomy can prevents stroke complications

Inadequate blood supply to the brain can cause stroke or when blood vessel within the brain ruptures, causing brain tissue to die.

 A stroke is a medical emergency, it requires immediate treatment. During a stroke, the brain does not receive enough oxygen and nutrients, which can leads to death of brain cells.

A thrombectomy is a surgical procedure used to remove a blood clot -thrombus from the brain. The thrombus obstructs blood flow and may cause tissue death.

Thrombectomy is effective in patients with blood clots up to 24 hours after a stroke. Stroke can occur when brain blood vessel bursts.

Thrombectomy is safer than clot-busting drugs because it has no side effects.

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Grape seed can reduce tooth loss

A natural compound found in grapes has been found to strengthen teeth and prevent tooth decay. Grape seed extract,
a byproduct of the wine making industry has been linked to reduction in tooth extractions.

The extract has been found to toughen dentin, the tissue that makes up the bulk of the tooth which lies beneath the hard external enamel.

Tooth decay occur when acid is produced from plaque, which builds up on teeth. When we consume food high in sugar the bacteria in plaque turn the sugar into energy they need to produce acid.

If the plaque is allowed to build up, the acid can begin to break down the surface of tooth, causing cavities. The cavity begins to eat away at the second level of tooth material that lies beneath the enamel: the dentin.

Damage collagen can repair itself with a combination of plant-based oligomeric proanthocyanidins – flavonoids found in most foods and vegetables and extracts from grape seeds.

How to prevent premature labour

The bitter taste receptors that was found on uterine muscle could be use to examined the onset of labor, both at term and preterm.

Researchers attached strips of human and mouse uterine myometrium tissue to a machine that measured their contraction efforts.

The researchers first exposed the tissue to native hormones such as oxytocin and chemical compounds to make it contract, mimicking normal or premature labor.

They then exposed the tissue to bitter substances. Activating bitter taste receptors in the uterus relaxed the contracted uterine muscle tissue totally than the use of drugs.

The researchers also discovered that giving mice bitter substances before they showed any premature contractions prevented them from having early deliveries. This can also prevents preterm labour in human.



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Walking reduces risk of developing cancer

Different studies involving breast and bowel cancer patients discovered that regular exercise increase the rate of survival.

The first was carried out by a team from Harvard University who followed 992 men with stage three bowel cancer, which had spread to nearby tissue, for seven years.

Patients who did 30 minutes’ moderate exercise five days a week and ate healthily were 42 per cent less likely to die of cancer.

The second study, by Australian researchers, looked at 194 women who had recently undergone surgery to remove breast cancer.

Half of patients were told to do 180 minutes’ moderate activity a week for at least eight months.

The other half continued about their normal lives and both groups were examined after eight years.

The team from the Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane found that women who had exercised were 55 per cent more likely to still be alive and healthy.

Moderate exercise can slow tumour growth or prevent their returning by reducing levels of hormones.

Exercise is important for bowel cancer as it reduces inflammation, which can lead to cells multiplying and forming tumours.


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How to hinder cancer cells growth

Cancer is the abnormal and uncontrollable growth of cells. Researchers from the University of Rochester's Center for RNA Biology have identified a new way to potentially slow the fast-growing cells that cause  different cancer.

Cancer grows when cell cycle gone wrong, all cells undergo  "cell cycle," a series of events that culminate in orderly cell growth and division. When cancer grow, cells divide without stopping and destroy tissues.

Researchers identified a protein called Tudor-SN that is important in the "preparatory" phase of the cell cycle -- the period when the cell gets ready to divide. When scientists eliminated this protein from cells, using the gene editing technology CRISPR-Cas9, cells took longer to gear up for division.

 The loss of Tudor-SN slowed the cell cycle. Tudor-SN is plenty in cancer cells than healthy cells, and our study suggests that targeting this protein could hinder fast-growing cancer cells.
The cell now moves more slowly from the preparatory phase to the cell division phase.

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How gonorrhea manipulates female reproductive tract

The bacterium that causes gonorrhea breaks links between cell in female reproductive tract and infects the tract.

Gonorrhea is one of the common sexually transmitted diseases caused when Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria infect the protective inner lining of human genital tissue.

Common symptoms of gonorrhea in women are: vagina discharge, burning with urination and vagina bleeding between period.

Liang-Chun Wang of the University of Maryland, College Park and colleagues infected human endocervix tissue with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and used molecular and imaging methods to check the infection mechanism.

Scientists discovered that Neisseria gonorrhoeae caused disruption of cellular connections and cell shedding by encouraging activation and accumulation of a human protein called non-muscle myosin II.

Natural pregnancy is possible for cancer survivor

Cancer survivors will be able to have natural pregnancy with the discovery of new procedure.

According to George Kofinas a fertility doctor, reproductive surgery center will be open that will specialized in ovarian-tissue harvesting and transplantation.

Ovarian damage is caused by chemotherapy, the new method will allow a slice of a woman's ovarian tissue that has eggs be removed and preserved before chemotherapy.

The preserved tissue is transplant after chemotherapy and the woman can become pregnant without in-vitro fertilization.