Lab-grown eggs for fertility treatment

Scientists have grown egg cells, which were removed from ovary tissue at their earliest stage of development, to the point at which they are ready to be fertilised. The advance could safeguard the fertility of girls with cancer ahead of potentially harmful medical treatment, such as chemotherapy. Immature eggs recovered from patients' ovarian tissue could be matured in the lab and stored for later fertilisation.

Conventionally, cancer patients can have a piece of ovary removed before treatment, but reimplanting this tissue can risk reintroducing cancer. The study has also given insight into how human eggs develop at various stages, which could aid research into other infertility treatments and regenerative medicine. Scientists and medical experts worked together to develop suitable substances in which eggs could be grown - known as culture mediums - to support each stage of cell development. Their findings, using tissue donated by women who were undergoing routine surgery, build on 30 years of research.

In previous studies, scientists had developed mouse eggs to produce live offspring, and had matured human eggs from a relatively late stage of development. The latest study is the first time a human egg has been developed in the lab from its earliest stage to full maturity. Step one: very small, immature human eggs within ovarian tissue are placed in culture in the lab, and begin to develop Step two: after initial development, eggs have grown and are more than double their initial size.

 The ovarian follicles that contain the eggs are separated before further growth and monitoring Step three: eggs and their surrounding cells are removed from liquid culture to undergo further development in a nutrient-rich membrane. Step four: well-developed, mature eggs are ready for fertilisation. Being able to fully develop human eggs in the lab could widen the scope of available fertility treatments.
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Breast cancer therapies linked to heart failure

According to American Heart Association, women should consider the risks and benefits of any therapies that may hurt hearts during breast cancer treatment, patients should have a conversation with their doctor about the side effects of the treatment. Some treatments for different types of cancer may pose heart risks, but they are growing more common for breast cancer patients.

Side effects can include abnormal rhythms, valve problems or heart failure, where the heart slowly weakens and can't pump effectively. Symptoms may not appear until long after treatment ends.
Herceptin and similar drugs for a specific type of breast cancer can cause heart failure. Sometimes it's temporary and goes away if treatment is stopped, but it can be permanent.

Radiation can affect arteries and spur narrowing or blockages. Other drugs can lead to abnormal heart rhythms or artery spasms, which can cause chest pain and possibly lead to a heart attack. Some research suggests that powerful new drugs that harness the immune system to fight cancer may in rare cases cause heart damage, especially when used together.

Certain chemotherapies such as doxorubicin, sold as Adriamycin and in generic form, might be less risky if given more slowly, rather than all at once. Some research suggests that a drug called dexrazoxane may minimize damage if given to women with advanced breast cancer who are getting high doses of doxorubicin.

Cancer patients should make sure doctors are monitoring their heart before, during and after breast cancer treatment. Common risk factors of breast cancer are: obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle and eating of junk food.
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Cure for skin cancer

The newly discovered drugs combination for skin cancer can help if chemotherapy fails, extending patients’ lives by at least a year. In almost half of kidney cancer patients, by the time the disease is diagnosed it has already spread to other areas of the body due to a lack of symptoms, slashing life expectancy from five years to two. While chemotherapy, which kills both cancer and healthy cells, is used to treat most other advanced cancers, the treatment does not work for most kidney cancers.

The established treatment for the condition is either radiotherapy-which shrinks tumours or tyrosine-kinase inhibitor drugs, including one called sunitinib, which interrupt the blood supply to cancer. However, these only hinder the growth of tumours for four or five months. The drugs, ipilimumab and nivolumab, are already used with remarkable success in the treatment of deadly melanoma skin cancer.

Nivolumab is also used to treat advanced lung tumours. The new trial found that the combination achieved significant kidney tumour shrinkage in 42 per cent of the 425 patients in a trial and reduced the risk of death within two years by 37 per cent. Ipilimumab and nivolumab are immunotherapy drugs that work by enhancing the ability of the body’s immune system cells to attack and destroy cancer. Rather than just putting the cancer into remission for a period, like standard treatments, they appear to carry on working even after treatment has stopped

During the trial, 840 kidney cancer patients were given either sunitinib or the combination immunotherapy. Those on the combination had four infusions of the two drugs at three-weekly intervals. One-fifth of patients experienced severe side effects such as inflammation of the bowel or liver, and had to stop early. The median overall survival rate [the time at which 50 per cent of patients have died after treatment] for sunitinib was 26 months, but for the combination immunotherapy arm, it has still not been reached 36 months on. More than half the patients are still alive.
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Drug for breast cancer gene

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration on Friday approved drug  for treating metastatic breast cancers linked to the BRCA gene mutation. These mutated genes, called BRCA1 and BRCA2, first came to prominence in five years ago. According to FDA, expanding approval of Lynparza (olaparib) to include use against BRCA-linked tumors that have spread beyond the breast. Lynparza is one of a group of powerful new cancer drugs known as PARP inhibitors, and it's the first such drug to be approved for use against breast cancer.

 This approval demonstrates the current paradigm of developing drugs that target the underlying genetic causes of a cancer, often across cancer types. BRCA mutations are involved in up to one in every four breast cancers that are thought to have a hereditary component. These aberrant genes are also implicated in between 5 and 10 percent of non-hereditary breast tumors. When it's functioning properly, BRCA actually helps repair damaged cellular DNA and prevent tumors, but when BRCA1 and BRCA2 go awry they instead encourage breast cancers.

PARP inhibitor medicines such as Lynparza appear to interfere with the function of mutated BRCA with breast cells, causing them to die rather replicate-slowing tumor growth. The safety and effectiveness of Lynparza for women with advanced BRCA-linked breast cancers was established after a trial on patients. The trial measured the length of time the tumors did not have significant growth after treatment. The median progression-free survival for patients taking Lynparza was 7 months compared to 4.2months for patients taking chemotherapy only.

Common side effects of Lynparza include anemia, low white blood cell counts, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, headache, joint pain, increased susceptibility to colds and other respiratory tract infections, and other effects. Because Lynparza can harm a developing fetus, women are advised to use contraception while on the drug. Women should also not breast-feed while using Lynparza.
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Reovirus could treat brain tumours

A virus injected directly into the bloodstream could be used to treat people with aggressive brain tumours, Scientists have found that the naturally occurring virus could act as an effective immunotherapy in patients with brain cancer or other cancers that have spread to the brain. They showed that a type of virus called reovirus could cross the blood-brain barrier to reach tumours, where it replicates and kills the cancer cells.

They also found that the virus was able to 'switch-on' the body's own defense systems to attack the cancer. The study authors, from the University of Leeds and The Institute of Cancer Research in London, believe reovirus therapy could be used in conjunction with other cancer therapies to make them more potent - and a clinical trial is currently underway. Because the virus infects cancer cells and leaves healthy cells alone, patients receiving the treatment reported only mild flu-like side effects.

Scientists thought it was unlikely that the virus would be able to pass from the blood into the brain because of the blood-brain barrier, a protective membrane around the brain. That would have meant that the only way they could get the virus into the brain was to inject it directly into the brain - which is challenging, would not be suitable for all patients, and cannot be regularly repeated. But the research demonstrated that the virus could be administered through a single-dose intravenous drip.

Nine patients took part in the study, they had cancers that had either spread to the brain from other parts of the body or were fast-growing gliomas, a type of brain cancer that is difficult to treat, and has a poor prognosis. All the patients were due to have the tumours removed surgically. But in the days before the surgeons operated, the patients were given the virus drip.

Once the tumours were removed, samples were taken and analysed for signs that the virus had been able to reach the cancer, sometimes deep within the brain. In all nine patients, there was evidence that the virus had reached its target. The researchers also found that the presence of reovirus stimulated the body's own immune system, with white blood cells or 'killer' T-cells being attracted to the tumour site to attack the cancer.

Tissue samples from patients who had surgery but not the virus therapy served as a control. When compared with the control samples, the tissue taken from the people who had received the reovirus had higher levels of interferons, proteins that 'switch-on' the body's immune system. According to Dr Adel Samson, co-lead author and medical oncologist at the Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, at the University of Leeds, "This is the first time it has been shown that a therapeutic virus is able to pass through the brain-blood barrier, and that opens up the possibility this type of immunotherapy could be used to treat more people with aggressive brain cancers.

Human immune systems aren't very good at detecting cancers, because cancer cells look like human body's own cells, and partly because cancers are good at telling immune cells to turn a blind eye. But the immune system is very good at seeing viruses. In the study, they were able to show that reovirus could infect cancer cells in the brain. And, importantly, brain tumours infected with reovirus became much more visible to the immune system.

Although the earlier trial demonstrated that the reovirus was reaching the cancer cells after just a single dose, doctors have decided to give it repeatedly to patients because of the way it 'kick starts' the body's own defences. The presence of cancer in the brain dampens the body's own immune  system. The presence of the reovirus counteracts this and stimulates the defence system into action. Additional effect of the virus on enhancing the body's immune response to the tumour will increase the amount of tumour cells that are killed by the standard treatment, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Cancer survivors age faster and die younger

Childhood cancer survivors naturally age faster and are more likely to die sooner than those who have not had the disease, according to a new study. The research also showed that survivors are three to six times more likely to develop cancer again. Researchers from the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, found that hormonal/gland disorders (endocrinopathies), heart problems, lower bone mineral density, lung scarring (pulmonary fibrosis) and secondary cancers are more likely to occur in childhood cancer survivors later in life.

Frailty to bones and joints may also occur at an earlier age than the general population due to the damage caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy to normal healthy tissues. The cancer and harsh treatments diminishes 'physiological reserve', the capacity in organs and biological body systems given to us at birth. These are the body's natural resilience to overcome internal and external biological stressors.

Other findings showed that childhood cancer survivors' estimated life expectancy is 30 percent lower than that of the general population. Also, the risk of frailty among bone marrow transplant recipients is around eight times as high as that of their siblings. Radiation therapy is associated with dementia, memory loss and secondary bone marrow cell and blood cancers, while long-term steroid treatment is linked to a higher risk of cataracts, osteoporosis, nerve damage and infection.
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Yescarta for cancer treatment

Yescarta is a chimeric antigen receptor T cell CAR T therapy for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma after two or more lines of systemic therapy.
Active ingredient in Yescarta is axicabtagene ciloleucel, inactive ingredient is albumin (human); DMSO.

Yescarta is a treatment for your non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is used when you have failed at least two other kinds of treatment. Yescarta is different from other cancer medicines because it is made from the user's white blood cells, which have been modified to recognize and attack the lymphoma cells.

Before you receive Yescarta, you will get three days of chemotherapy to prepare your body. When your Yescarta is ready, your healthcare provider will give it to you through a catheter placed into your vein-intravenous infusion.

Yescarta may cause side effects that are life-threatening and can lead to death. Call or see your healthcare provider or get emergency help right away if you have fever, difficulty breathing, shaking chills, confusion, dizziness, severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fast or irregular heartbeat, severe fatigue and weakness.
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Verzenio for treating breast cancer

Verzenio (abemaciclib) is approved to treat adult patients who have hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer that has progressed after taking therapy that alters a hormones (endocrine therapy).

Verzenio is approved to be given in combination with an endocrine therapy, called fulvestrant, after the cancer had grown on endocrine therapy. It is also approved to be given on its own, if patients were previously treated with endocrine therapy and chemotherapy after the cancer had spread (metastasized).

Verzenio provides a new targeted treatment option for some patients with breast cancer who are not responding to treatment, it can be given as a stand-alone treatment to patients who were previously treated with endocrine therapy and chemotherapy.

Verzenio works by blocking certain molecules (known as cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6), involved in promoting the growth of cancer cells. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer. The safety and efficacy of Verzenio in combination with fulvestrant were studied in a randomized trial in some patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer that had progressed after treatment with endocrine therapy and who had not received chemotherapy once the cancer had metastasized.

The study measured the length of time tumors did not grow after treatment (progression-free survival). The median progression-free survival for patients taking Verzenio with fulvestrant was 16.4 months compared to 9.3 months for patients taking a placebo with fulvestrant.

The safety and efficacy of Verzenio as a stand-alone treatment were studied in a single-arm trial of 132 patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer that had progressed after treatment with endocrine therapy and chemotherapy after the cancer metastasized.

 The study measured the percent of patients whose tumors completely or partially shrank after treatment. In the study, 19.7 percent of patients taking Verzenio experienced complete or partial shrinkage of their tumors for a median 8.6 months.

Common side effects of Verzenio include diarrhea, low levels of certain white blood cells (neutropenia and leukopenia), nausea, abdominal pain, infections, fatigue, low levels of red blood cells (anemia), decreased appetite, vomiting and headache.

Serious side effects of Verzenio include diarrhea, neutropenia, elevated liver blood tests and blood clots (deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism). Women who are pregnant should not take Verzenio because it may cause harm to a developing fetus.
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Zika kills brain cancer stem cells

Zika virus is a mosquito-borne infection known for causing birth defects in unborn fetuses. Latest research discovered that it is possible to use the virus to target tumor cells in adult brains. Combining Zika virus with chemotherapy and radiation can be use to remove brain tumors.

Glioblastoma is the most common and deadly forms of brain cancer with patients dying within two years of diagnosis. The growth and development of glioblastomas is driven by stem cells that proliferate and give rise to other tumor cells.

Stem cells of the cancer are hard to kill because they avoid body's immune system and are resistant to chemotherapy and radiation. Killing these cells is very important to prevent new tumors from recurring after the original tumor has been surgically removed.

 Glioblastoma can occur in any part of the brain, when glioblastoma is diagnosed, microfibers can spread to the rest of the brain which magnetic resonance imaging MRI would not detect. It is common in men between the age of 50 and 60, and there is no link between developing glioblastoma and having a previous cancer history.

Intense exposure to radiation increases the risk of brain cancer. Zika virus disrupts fetal brain development targeting neural stem and progenitor cells, however the virus' effects on adult brains are less severe.

 The preference of Zika virus for neural precursor cells could be leveraged against glioblastoma stem cells, researchers found the virus infected and killed patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells compared with other glioblastoma cell types or normal neural cells.

When mice with aggressive glioblastoma were injected with a mouse-adapted strain of Zika virus, the virus slowed tumor growth and significantly extended the animals' lifespan.

Researchers also tested a mutated strain of Zika on body's immune response, which was more effective when combined with a chemotherapy drug, temozolomide, that usually has little effect on these cells. Zika virus can kill the kind of glioblastoma cells that tend to be resistant to current treatments.
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Drug may prevent infertility after cancer treatment

Women who are treated for cancer with radiation or chemotherapy may be rendered sterile. Some female breast cancer survivors experience premature ovarian failure, in which they lose normal function of their ovaries.

Women are born with a lifetime reserve of oocytes, or immature eggs, but those oocytes are among the most sensitive cells in the body and may be wiped out by cancer treatments.

Checkpoint protein CHK2 becomes activate when oocytes are damaged by radiation. CHK2 functions in a pathway that eliminates oocytes with DNA damage, a natural function to protect against giving birth to offspring bearing new mutations.

When the researchers irradiated mice lacking the CHK2 gene, the oocytes survived, eventually repaired the DNA damage, and the mice gave birth to healthy pups.

The new study explored whether the checkpoint 2 pathway could be chemically inhibited. There were pre-existing CHK2 inhibitor drugs that were developed, ironically enough, for cancer treatment, but they turned out not to be very useful for treating cancer.

Giving mice the inhibitor drug, a small molecule, it essentially mimicked the knockout of the checkpoint gene.
Inhibiting the checkpoint pathway, the oocytes were not killed by radiation and remained fertile, enabling birth of normal pups.
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Kymriah for treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Kymriah (tisagenlecleucel) suspension for intravenous infusion, it is a prescription cancer treatment used in patients up to 25 years old who have acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that is either relapsing or refractory.

 Kymriah is made from your white blood cells, your healthcare provider has to take some of your blood called leukapheresis. Your blood cells are frozen and sent to the manufacturing site to make Kymriah.

 Your healthcare provider may give you chemotherapy for a few days to prepare your body. When your body is ready, your healthcare provider will give you Kymriah. The drug can increase the risk of life-threatening infections that may lead to death.

Having Kymriah in your blood may cause a false-positive HIV test result by some commercial tests. Kymriah may cause side effects that are life-threatening like: difficulty breathing, fever, shaking chills, confusion, severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, severe muscle or joint pain, very low blood pressure and dizziness.
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Stress hormone reduced the effectiveness of cancer treatment

Stress reduction therapy is very important for cancer patients, stress hormones during treatment can prevent the cancerous cells in the body from dividing and reacting.

These hormones prevent the growing tumors from being treated by the cancer drugs that are used for the patients. Stress reduction therapy is essential during cancer treatment to promote the success of the drugs and cancer treatment.

Chemotherapy method of cancer treatment targets rapidly dividing cells, cells exposed to stress hormones such as cortisol and norepinephrine generate destructive DNA damaging free radicals molecules.

This causes the cells temporarily to stop their relentless cell division as DNA repair mechanisms starts and protects the tumors from the lethal effects of chemotherapy.

Stressed mice with breast cancer produced higher levels of a nitric oxide-generating enzyme iNOS in their tumors. Greater iNOS activity leads to more aggressive breast cancer.
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Statins reduce the risk of breast cancer

Lowering cholesterol activity reduces the risk of breast cancer, oestrogen hormone helps cancer to spread, that is why women are given anti-hormone treatments after chemotherapy and surgery.

Women whose genes encourage the production of  cholesterol are prone to breast cancer, statins can reduce the levels of cholesterol, taking statins to lower cholesterol could prevent breast cancer.

Statins interrupt the enzymatic reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. This prevents synthesis of cholesterol.
Taking statins can reduce the risk of breast cancer. Statin is a form of medicine that is used to decrease the amount of low-density lipoprotein LDL cholesterol in the blood.

Researchers followed up women both with and without a high cholesterol aged and compared it to mortality rates and breast cancer developments, they discovered that women taking statins have lower risk of developing cancer.
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Causes and prevention of colon cancer

Colon cancer occurs in the large intestine or in the rectum, it develops slowly. An abnormal growth known as a polyp develops on the inner lining of the large intestine or rectum before the cancer growth.

Familial adenomatous polyposis, a devastating inherited disease that causes pre-cancerous polyps to grow in the intestine at a young age, often leading to the removal of portions of the colon to prevent cancer.

 CtBP drives the actions of what are known ascancer stem cells, which are keys to cancer metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. CtBP is not mutated in colon cancer; instead, it is overexpressed to the point where the cancer depends on it for growth.

CtBP works to reprogram cells by repressing the expression of genes that typically prevent cancer through a form of cell suicide known as apoptosis while simultaneously promoting the expression of other genes that lead to cancer growth and metastasis.

The researchers found that CtBP can cause normal human cells to become cancerous when inserted into the cell's DNA. In mouse models of familial adenomatous, treatment with HIPP significantly reduced intestinal polyps and increased survival while mice bred without the CtBP gene lived twice as long as those with it.

HIPP acted as a chemical to prevent polyp formation, thereby reducing the risk of colon cancer. Anti-CtBP therapies such as HIPP may be able to complement current therapies to counter drug resistance and decrease metastasis to control and cure colon cancer.
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Anti-cancer chemotherapyic agents prevents glioblastoma growth

Glioblastoma GBM is the most aggressive tumor that can form in the brain. The tumor can repeat formation even after treatment with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.

Researchers discovered that a different molecular target, NEK2, evolved after OTS167 treatment for glioblastoma, and they used computer-based drug design to target NEK2.

 The resulting NEK2 inhibitor, called CMP3a, was able to inhibit growth in pre-clinical models of glioblastoma, both in culture and in mouse brains. When combined with radiation, CMP3a has a synergistic effect to attenuate growth of glioblastoma cells in culture.

NEK2 is a poorly characterized kinase enzyme. The researchers found that NEK2 is differentially expressed in glioma stem cells, and it is required for growth of glioma clones in culture, as well as for growth and radiation resistance of a human glioblastoma tumor in the mouse model.

NEK2 protein binds to EZH2, an oncogenic histone H3 methyltranferase, and this binding protects EZH2 from protein degradation in the glioma stem cells. EZH2 was already known to regulate the self-renewal and survival of glioma stem cells.

Stabilizing EZH2, NEK2 promotes tumor propagation. Disrupting the NEK2-EZH2 interaction in cancer cells has the potential to target their cancer stem cell compartment.

Elevated EZH2 expression occurs in various human cancers, including prostate cancer, breast cancer and glioblastoma, and the studies have shown that elevated EZH2 is associated with tumor malignancy

Clinical study shows that glioblastoma brain tissues was closely associated with EZH2 expression. NEK2 expression also correlated with poor prognosis for the patients, and NEK2 was substantially elevated in recurrent tumors after therapeutic failure.

NEK2 play a key role in maintaining glioma stem cells by stabilizing the EZH2 protein, and the small molecule inhibitor CMP3a is a potential novel therapeutic agent for glioblastoma.

They found that EZH2 was protected post-translationally. They also found that NEK2 was the most up-regulated kinase gene in glioma spheres and that NEK2 expression showed a strong association with EZH2 expression in protein profiles for human cancers in the Human Protein Atlas.

The researchers found that NEK2 formed a protein complex with EZH2 to phosphorylate and protect EZH2 from proteasome-dependent degradation in glioma stem cells. They also showed that NEK2 promoted radiation resistance in glioma stem cells.
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Facts about glioblastoma

Glioblastoma GBM is the most aggressive tumor that can form in the brain. Glioblastomas are tumors that developed from astrocytes- supportive tissue of the brain.

Glioblastomas are found in the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, but can be found anywhere in the brain or spinal cord. It can cause brain bleeding, which may have been related to the clot.

These tumors are cancerous because the cells reproduce quickly and they are supported by a large network of blood vessels.

There two types of glioblastoma
Primary - The tumors are common and very aggressive.
Secondary - These tumors have slower growth rate and very aggressive.

Common symptoms are - headache, nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness. Depending on the location of the tumor, patients can develop different symptoms like weakness on one side of the body, memory and speech difficulties, and visual changes.

The exact cause of glioblastoma is not known. It can be difficult to treat because the tumors contain so many different types of cells. Some cells may respond very well to certain therapies, while others may not be improve.

However, because of the way it spreads, it is impossible to remove every microscopic growth from the brain. Therefore, it will continue to grow.

Radiation and chemotherapy may be used to slow the growth of tumors that cannot be removed with surgery.
Patients have a ten percent chance of surviving five years after their diagnosis.
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Chemotherapy may cause spread of cancer

Chemotherapy can be administered as a pill or through an intra-venous drip.
The drugs move throughout the body in the bloodstream.

 The procedure is recommended for breast cancer in order to shrink the tumors and prevent further spread of the cancer to different parts of the body.

The process shrinks tumors and allows some tumors to spread into the blood system, become resistant to chemotherapy and spread to other organs in the body.

 Stage 4 cancer is very difficult to treat because the cancer would have spread to other organs and be more aggressive and resistant to treatment. Additional therapy may be added to chemotherapy to prevent the spread of tumour.
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Foods that kill bowel cancer

Eating more of plants based diet can increase rate of surviving bowel cancer after chemotherapy or prevent the cancer. Saturated fat and heterocyclic amines in red meat can cause bowel cancer, replace red meat with fish and white meat like chicken.

Add plant-based antioxidants to your food, eat red or green apples, yellow or orange bell peppers, broccoli, brussels sprouts, green leafy vegetables, avocados, blueberries, carrots, tomatoes, raspberries and strawberries.
They are rich in fiber.

Eat foods rich in selenium like brown rice, oats, whole grains, sunflower seeds, onions, salmon, halibut and tuna. Selenium has anti carcinogenic properties.

Cook with extra-virgin olive oil. It is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, and antioxidant phenolic compounds. The phenolic compounds, has anti tumor properties.

 Add garlic to your food, the sulfur compound in garlic reduces colon cancer cell growth from induced apoptotic cell death.

Eat lower-glycemic-index foods.
Foods like green peas, cherries, plums, carrots, celery, asparagus, cabbage and broccoli. Low glycerin index foods decrease risk of bowel cancer.
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Treatment and prevention of cancer

Treatment of cancer depends on the type and stage of the cancer. Age and health status of the patients will also dictate the treatment.

Common cancer treatment are: surgery,
radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy or gene therapy.

Cancer can be prevented by eating healthy diet. Eating foods that are low in fat, rich in fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains can reduce risk of having cancer.

Some vaccines have been associated with prevention of some cancers. For example, vaccination for the human papillomavirus prevents cervical cancer. Hepatitis B vaccines prevents
hepatitis B virus, which can cause cancer of the liver.

Breast self-examination, mammograms, testicular self-examination, and Pap smears are common screening methods for different cancers prevention.

You can prevent cancer by, being physically active, eating a healthy diet, controlling cholesterol, managing blood pressure, reducing blood sugar and not smoking.

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Breast milk can kill cancer

Breast milk is being used to fight cancer after scientists discovered it contains a substance that kills tumour cells.

Trials in patients with bladder cancer yielded good results and researchers believe the compound breast milk contains – nicknamed Hamlet – will also help tackle bowel cancer and cervical cancer.

Breast milk is better than chemotherapy because it does not destroy healthy cells. Professor Catharine Svanborg, who made the initial discovery, said ‘There’s something magical about Hamlet’s ability to target tumour cells and kill them.’

Human breast milk contained a protein called alpha-lactalbumin, which is transformed into a cancer-fighting agent when in the gut.

Prof Svanborg, an immunologist at Lund University in Sweden, made the chance discovery that the substance kills tumour cells when working on antibiotics.

New breast milk is a very good source of  antimicrobial agents. During one
experiment we needed human cells and bacteria to be present, and we chose human tumour cells for practical reasons.

‘To our amazement, when we added this compound of milk, the tumour cells died. The substance attacks cancer cells  in numerous ways – first evading the cell’s outer defences, then targeting the ‘power station’ mitochondria and the  nucleus.

These actions cut off the cell’s energy source and ‘programme’ it to commit suicide, in a process called apoptosis.
Early trials in patients with bladder cancer show those injected with Hamlet start shedding dead tumour cells in their urine within days.