Links between colonoscopy and appendicitis

Colonoscopy is the examination of the colon- the large intestine by a gastroenterologist. It is is associated with increased risk of appendicitis, there is an evidence to suggest that colonoscopy can cause appendicitis up to one week after colonoscopy in some patients. The rate of appendicitis and appendectomy in the first week after a colonoscopy is high.

The colon must be completely cleaned before colonoscopy, if bacteria within the colon are altered as the bowel is prepared prior to colonoscopy in ways that increase the likelihood of inflammation, or if the increased air pressure caused by colonoscopy, it may have effects on the colonic mucosa that can predispose people to appendicitis.

Appendicitis is a condition when the appendix becomes inflamed and filled with pus, colonoscopy is valuable and the appendicitis rate is still very low, right-lower abdominal pain after colonoscopy may be a sign of appendicitis.
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Smoking may cause inflammatory bowel disease

Exposing mice to cigarette smoke results in colitis, an inflammation of the colon resembling Crohn's disease, and identify a specific white blood cell and inflammatory protein responsible for this effect. Previous research shows that smoking significantly increases the risk of Crohn's disease, an inflammatory bowel disease. However the mechanism by which cigarette smoke affects the gastrointestinal system was not known.

One possibility is that inflammation in the lungs caused by smoking could have a knock-on effect in the intestine.
a connection between the lung and the large intestine has long been emphasized. Crohn's disease may occur in people with airway diseases, suggesting that inflammation in the lungs is linked with inflammation in the gut.

Researchers exposed mice to smoke from twenty cigarettes a day, six days a week, for a few weeks. The researchers then examined the presence of inflammation in the mice's lungs and colons. Mice exposed to cigarette smoke showed significant inflammation in their lungs. Interestingly, they also suffered from a type of colitis resembling Crohn's disease.

The researchers found increased levels of mucus and inflammation in the colon, and blood in the feces of the smoke-exposed mice. They also found increased levels of CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell, which were releasing a pro- inflammatory protein called interferon-gamma. Cigarette smoking activates specific white blood cells in the lung, which might move to the colon, triggering bowel inflammation.
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How to prevent colorectal cancer

The colon and rectum are parts of the digestive system, they make up the large intestine, most of the large intestine is made up of the colon.
Colorectal cancer is a cancer that starts in the colon or the rectum.

Physical activity protects against colon cancer. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers, it is possible to prevent the cancer by eating healthy diet. Diet and lifestyle have a major role in colorectal cancer prevention

Foods containing fiber decreases the risk of this cancer. People who are more physically active have a lower risk of colon cancer compared to those who do very little physical activity.

Maintaining healthy weight, avoiding smoking and drinking of alcohol, proper exercise, limiting red and processed meat and eating more whole grains and fiber would lower the risk.

Eating whole grains daily, such as brown rice or whole-wheat bread, eating foods rich in vitamin C like oranges, strawberries and spinach can reduce colorectal cancer risk. Hot dogs, bacon and other processed meats consumed regularly increase the risk of the cancer.
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Causes and prevention of colon cancer

Colon cancer occurs in the large intestine or in the rectum, it develops slowly. An abnormal growth known as a polyp develops on the inner lining of the large intestine or rectum before the cancer growth.

Familial adenomatous polyposis, a devastating inherited disease that causes pre-cancerous polyps to grow in the intestine at a young age, often leading to the removal of portions of the colon to prevent cancer.

 CtBP drives the actions of what are known ascancer stem cells, which are keys to cancer metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. CtBP is not mutated in colon cancer; instead, it is overexpressed to the point where the cancer depends on it for growth.

CtBP works to reprogram cells by repressing the expression of genes that typically prevent cancer through a form of cell suicide known as apoptosis while simultaneously promoting the expression of other genes that lead to cancer growth and metastasis.

The researchers found that CtBP can cause normal human cells to become cancerous when inserted into the cell's DNA. In mouse models of familial adenomatous, treatment with HIPP significantly reduced intestinal polyps and increased survival while mice bred without the CtBP gene lived twice as long as those with it.

HIPP acted as a chemical to prevent polyp formation, thereby reducing the risk of colon cancer. Anti-CtBP therapies such as HIPP may be able to complement current therapies to counter drug resistance and decrease metastasis to control and cure colon cancer.
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