Key regulator of male infertility

The protein complex known as Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 PRC1. PRC1 activates specific germline genes and the production of healthy sperm. It is responsible for production of health male sperm.

Male mammals are born with all the reproductive germline cells and inheritable genetics needed to make healthy fertile sperm and offspring. But the sperm isn't fertile at childhood.
PRC1 also blocks the specific genes and the activation of fertile sperm production until reproductive age.

Researchers show in their current study that when mice reach reproductive age, the PRC1 protein complex changes. It sheds reproductive germline gene components that block fertile sperm production and substitutes in a component that start spermatogenesis.

The repressor of sperm production, PRC1 also promotes gene activation to produce sperm at maturity. The scientists also found that when PRC1 is disrupted, such as in male mice bred to not express PRC1, the animals have smaller testes and are unable to produce healthy sperm or offspring.
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New method of correcting genetic infertility

Scientists have created healthy offspring from genetically infertile male mice, providing a new  method of correcting a genetic cause of human infertility.

Human sex is determined by the X and Y chromosomes. Usually, girls have two X chromosomes XX and boys have one X and one Y XY, but 1 in 500 boys are born with an extra X or Y.

Having three rather than two sex chromosomes can hinder formation of mature sperm and cause infertility.
Researchers have discovered a way to remove the extra sex chromosome to produce fertile offspring.

 If the findings can be safely transferred into humans, it might eventually be possible for men with Klinefelter syndrome XXY or double Y syndrome XYY that are infertile to have children through assisted reproduction using this method.

Researchers took small pieces of ear tissue from XXY and XYY mice, cultured them, and collected connective tissue cells known as fibroblasts. They turned the fibroblasts into stem cells and noticed that in the process, some of the cells lost the extra sex chromosome.

With an existing method, they used specific chemical signals to control the stem cells into becoming cells that have the potential to become sperm. These cells developed into mature sperm when injected into the testes of a host mouse.

 The researchers then harvested these mature sperm and used them through assisted reproduction to create healthy, fertile offspring.

Sperm cells have been created in the laboratory, offering hope for a cure for a common cause of male infertility.
About 1 in 500 men have an extra X or Y chromosome, which prevents their sperm production.
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Urogenital infection can cause male infertility

Male infertility contributes to fifty percent of all infertility cases.  In 6-10% the cause is an urogenital infection. The
main cause of inflammatory disease in the male genital tract are sexually transmitted pathogens.

The diagnostic evaluation of urogenital infections in most patients with infertility is hindered by an asymptomatic primary chronic disease course.

Asymptomatic inflammatory reactions are found in 25% of men who undergo testicular biopsy for infertility.

It was discovered that after acute inflammation of the epididymis, in 10% of cases no sperm was found in the ejaculate in the long term, and in 30% the number of spermatozoa were reduced; in 60% of men affected by an infection of the epididymis, the testes were affected too.

 In such cases, testicular atrophy with permanent loss of spermatogenesis is a much feared complication.
If pathogens are detected in the male genital tract, eradicating antibiotic therapy is indicated.

 However, this dies not guarantee that the quality of sperm will not be permanently affected or that the outcome will not be infertility.

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