Hormone that support early pregnancy

Scientists have discovered a fertility hormone that prepares the womb's lining for pregnancy. The discovery made by testing tissue from women aged in their forties could help scientists develop ways to improve fertility. Each month, as part of the menstrual cycle, hormones send chemical signals to cells in the womb lining to create conditions to support pregnancy.

Fertilised eggs are extremely sensitive to changes in the womb lining, but the exact environment needed for healthy implantation is unknown. The hormone helps prime cells for implantation, a vital stage in early pregnancy when a fertilised egg attaches to the womb lining. Researchers at the University of Edinburgh tested the effects of a hormone known as DHEA on healthy tissue donated by women undergoing unrelated surgery.

 DHEA may boost pregnancy, rates in women trying to conceive naturally or through IVF. They found that treating womb lining cells with DHEA in a dish doubled the level of key proteins associated with healthy implantation in the tissue. DHEA treatment also increased the production of active androgens hormones found in high levels in men.

The study also suggests that levels of DHEA-which are known to decline significantly with age could play a role in infertility in later life. A fertilised egg will implant only if the conditions are just right and DHEA and androgens might improve this environment in cells.
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Erleada for treating prostate cancer

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Erleada (apalutamide), a next-generation androgen receptor inhibitor for the treatment of patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Erleada is a prescription medicine used to treat prostate cancer that has not spread to other parts of the body and no longer responds to a medical or surgical treatment that lowers testosterone.

Before you start treatment, tell your healthcare provider about all your medical conditions, including if you have a history of seizures, brain injury, stroke, or brain tumors. If you have a partner who is pregnant or may become pregnant. Men who are sexually active with a pregnant woman must use a condom during and for three months after treatment.

Erleada treatment can cause bones and muscles to weaken and may increase risk for falls and fractures. Falls and fractures have happened in people during treatment with Erleada. Falls were not caused by loss of consciousness (fainting) or seizures. Your healthcare provider will monitor your risks for falls and fractures during treatment.

Seizure-if you take Erleada, you may be at risk of having a seizure. You should avoid activities where a sudden loss of consciousness could cause serious harm. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have a loss of consciousness or seizure. Your healthcare provider will stop Erleada if you have a seizure during treatment.

The most common side effects include:feeling very tired, high blood pressure, rash, diarrhea, nausea, decreased appetite, weight loss, joint pain, fall, hot flash, bone injury (fracture), swollen hands, ankles and feet. Erleada may cause fertility problems.
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Effects of soda on fertility

Consumption of beverages has been linked to weight gain, type 2 diabetes, early menstruation, poor semen quality and infertility. A new study led by Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH) researchers has found that the intake of one or more sugar-sweetened beverages per day is associated with a decreased chance of getting pregnant.

There are links between intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and low fertility, which were consistent after controlling for many other factors, including obesity, caffeine intake, alcohol, smoking, and overall diet quality. Couples planning a pregnancy might consider limiting their consumption of these beverages, especially because they are also related to other adverse health effects.

Risk factors for infertility including diet, could help couples conceive more quickly and reduce the psychological stress The researchers surveyed 3,828 women aged 21 to 45 living in the United States or Canada and 1,045 of their male partners.

Participants completed a comprehensive baseline survey on medical history, lifestyle factors, and diet, including their intake of sugar-sweetened beverages. Female participants then completed a follow-up questionnaire every two months for up to 12 months or until pregnancy occurred.

Both female and male intake of sugar-sweetened beverages was associated with 20 percent reduced fecundability, the average monthly probability of conception. Females who consumed at least one soda per day had 25 percent lower fecundability; male consumption was associated with 33 percent lower fecundability. Intake of energy drinks was related to larger reductions in fertility, although the results were based on small numbers of consumers.
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Using paracetamol during pregnancy can reduce the fertility of offsprings

Taking paracetamol during pregnancy may impair the future fertility of female offspring, according to a review published in Endocrine Connections. The article reviews three separate rodent studies that all report altered development in the reproductive systems of female offspring from mothers given paracetamol during pregnancy, which may impair their fertility in adulthood. Paracetamol, or acetaminophen, is an over-the-counter treatment for pain relief that is commonly taken by pregnant women worldwide.

 Recent studies have linked paracetamol use during pregnancy with disruptions in the development of the male reproductive system but the effects on female offspring had not yet been investigated. In this article, Dr David Kristensen and colleagues from Copenhagen University Hospital, review the findings from three individual rodent studies that evaluated the effects of paracetamol taken during pregnancy on the development of the reproductive system in female offspring. It is well known that exposure to some chemicals during pregnancy can cause developmental effects that may not manifest until much later in life.

In rodents and humans, females are born with a finite number of eggs for reproduction in the future. In these reviewed studies, rodents given paracetamol during pregnancy, at doses equivalent to those that a pregnant woman may take for pain relief, produced female offspring with fewer eggs. This means that in adulthood, they have fewer eggs available for fertilisation, which may reduce their chances of successful reproduction, particularly as they get older.

This may not be a severe impairment to fertility, it is still of real concern since data from three different labs all independently found that paracetamol may disrupt female reproductive development in this way, which indicates further investigation is needed to establish how this affects human fertility. Although there are parallels between rodent and human reproductive development, these findings have yet to be firmly established in humans.

 However, establishing a link between paracetamol taken by mothers during pregnancy and fertility problems much later in the adult life of the child will be difficult. Combining epidemiological data from human studies with more experimental research on models, such as rodents, it may be possible to firmly establish this link and determine how it happens, so that pregnant women in pain can be successfully treated, without risk to their unborn children.
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Vitamin D boosts fertility

Women undergoing fertility treatment were 33 per cent more likely to have a baby if their vitamin D levels were healthy. NHS recommends taking of vitamin D supplement for women who are pregnant or trying to conceive for the sake of the development of their baby.

The researchers believe vitamin D may help dampen the immune system’s inflammatory response, improving the chances that an embryo successfully implants in the lining of the womb at the very start of pregnancy. Sun exposure and greater sunlight luminosity increases the body’s store of vitamin D, thereby yielding higher conception rates in summer and autumn.

Oily fish such as sardines or mackerel, red meat, liver or eggs are all rich in vitamin D.The vitamin is important during pregnancy because it affect the way a baby’s bones grow in the womb.
women should beware taking very high doses of vitamin D in a bid to conceive - as it is possible to overdose.

The NHS recommended dose of 10 micrograms a day is considered to be safe. Women should beware that taking more than this without medical advice can lead to too much calcium building up in the body, which can weaken bones and damage the heart and kidneys.
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Moderate drinking of red wine reserves ovaries

Moderate drinking of red wine can increase the chance of conceiving, there is a link between drinking of red wine and healthy ovaries that produce more eggs. Researchers studied different women of reproductive age and measured their antral follicle count- ovarian reserve.

Antral follicle count AFC is the standard way of assessing a woman’s fertility. This is the ovaries’ capacity to make healthy egg cells, which is measured by counting the antral follicles that produce them.

Women who drank moderate amounts of red wine were found to have the highest ovarian reserve. Red wine intake is associated with ovarian reserve as measured by AFC. Anti-inflammatory compound- resveratrol in red wine may be responsible for this.

Drinking small amount of red wine might reserve ovaries. Apart from red wine, healthy lifestyle and eating of balanced diet especially plant based protein can increase the chance of conceiving.
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HPV vaccine does not cause infertility

The human papilloma virus HPV is  a family of viruses, there are over 110 different types of HPV and more than 50 types that affect the genitals.
Different types of HPV are either high risk or low risk, depending on the conditions they can cause.

Some types of HPV can cause warts or verrucas. Others are associated with cervical cancer. Infection with low-risk HPV causes no symptoms and goes away without treatment. But infection with some high-risk types of HPV can cause abnormal tissue growth and cell changes that can lead to cervical cancer.

HPV infection is spread during sexual intercourse, it has been linked with reduced semen quality and lower pregnancy rates. Sexually transmitted infections STIs are associated with lower fertility, but vaccinated women with an STI history had about the same chance of becoming pregnant as unvaccinated women who had never had an STI.

Infection with other types of HPV may cause genital warts, skin warts, verrucas, vaginal cancer or vulval cancer. There is no adverse effects of HPV vaccination on fertility.

HPV is common, almost all sexually active men and women get the virus at some point in life. Having HPV can increase the risk of cervical cancer and removing cancerous or precancerous cells from cervix can reduce fertility.
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Low carbohydrates increase chance of pregnancy

According to fertility experts, cutting excess carbohydrates can increase chance of becoming pregnant. Good diet determines the quality of egg and sperm.

Excess carbohydrates prevents ovulation, food rich in carbohydrates should be eaten once in a day with excess fruits, vegetables, lean protein and water.

Excess carbohydrates is not good for fertility because excess sugar destroys sperm cells and egg when the body cannot process sugar.

Carbohydrates make the lining of the womb less receptive to an embryo. Diet check can increase rate of pregnancy, trying couple shops check their levels of sugar, vitamins, minerals and nutrients.
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Genes are expressed differently in men and women

Men and women differ in obvious ways for example, in the prevalence of certain diseases or reactions to drugs.

Weizmann Institute of Science researchers recently uncovered thousands of human genes that are expressed out to make proteins differently in the two sexes.

Pietrokovski and Gershoni showed that mutations in genes specific to sperm formation persist precisely because the genes are expressed only in men.

 A mutation that is problematic for only half of the population, no matter how detrimental, is freely passed on to the next generation by the other half.

In this study, the researchers expanded their analyses to include genes that, though not necessary for fertility, are still expressed differently in the two sexes.

 To identify these genes, the scientists used a very large study of human gene expression recorded for numerous organs and tissues in the bodies of close to 550 adult donors.

Pietrokovski and Gershoni looked closely at around 20,000 protein-coding genes, sorting them by sex and searching for differences in expression in each tissue. They eventually identified around 6,500 genes with activity that was biased toward one sex or the other in at least one tissue.

For example, they found genes that were highly expressed in the skin of men relative to that in women's skin, and they realized that these were related to the growth of body hair. Gene expression for muscle building was higher in men; storage were higher in women.
Apart from the sexual organs, the researchers discovered quite a few sex-linked genes in the mammary glands -- not so surprising, except that about half of these genes were expressed in men.

The researchers also identified gene expression in the liver in women that regulates drug metabolism, providing molecular evidence for the known difference in drug processing between women and men.

Natural pregnancy is possible for cancer survivor

Cancer survivors will be able to have natural pregnancy with the discovery of new procedure.

According to George Kofinas a fertility doctor, reproductive surgery center will be open that will specialized in ovarian-tissue harvesting and transplantation.

Ovarian damage is caused by chemotherapy, the new method will allow a slice of a woman's ovarian tissue that has eggs be removed and preserved before chemotherapy.

The preserved tissue is transplant after chemotherapy and the woman can become pregnant without in-vitro fertilization.

Pregnancy complications linked to cancer treatment

The number of cancer survivors increases daily as a result of steadily improvement in cancer treatment, chemotherapy and radiation therapy can affect fertility levels of women who survived cancer.

Team of researchers discovered that women who survived cancer have higher risk for low birth weight babies, preterm birth, and cesarean delivery.

Women can have complications during pregnancy but cancer survivors are prone to these pregnancy complications, it is good to give your doctor details about your cancer history during antenatal.