Links between gut bacteria and autism

According to the latest research, gut bacteria could cause spectrum disorder. Pathogens in the stomach alter the brain's development and may increase risk of suffering from the spectrum disorder.

Links between the brain, gut and stress hormone cortisol can influence how messages are passed in the body, which may cause autistic symptoms.

Changes in neurometabolites in childhood can have dangerous effects on brain development. Collection of bacteria, fungi, and viruses living in humans gut may be responsible for the disorder.

Autism may be corrected by changing of diet, taking probiotics and adopting a gluten-free lifestyle which may improve social behaviour and ability to express emotions in autistic people.

Leaky gut releases toxins and even undigested food enter the bloodstream and travel to the brain, which may cause autism symptoms. Probiotics can change this by enhancing the gut's lining.
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Facts about gullet cancer

The gullet, also known as oesophagus is the tube that carries food from mouth to stomach. Smoking, persistent acid reflux, drinking of alcohol, being overweight and obese can cause gullet cancer.

There are two types of gullet cancer – squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma. Eating foods low in fruit and vegetables can also increase the risk of developing gullet cancer.

If the disease is detected early it is possible to be cured. However, because the disease doesn’t usually cause symptoms until a later stage, it can be quite developed before it is detected.

The main symptom of gullet cancer are difficulty swallowing, heartburn, vomiting, weight loss, loss of appetite, chest pain, croaky voice, fatigue and dark poo.

Advanced stage of gullet cancer can spread to another part of the body.
Tumor that has not spread beyond the gullet can be treated with radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery.

For squamous and adenocarcinoma cell cancer, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and chemoradiotherapy are recommended as the first treatment. Surgery may be used after checking the result of the chemoradiotherapy.

Bowel cancer can be prevented by avoiding smoking, eating fruits and vegetables, avoiding alcohol and seeking medical help when you have heart burn and when you experience any form of difficulty in swallowing food.
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Benefits of chewing foods

Chewing foods properly before you swallow boosts the mouth's immune system and protects against illness.

Th17 immune cell is triggered by chewing, it protects against bacterial and fungal infections that are on the tongue and teeth.

Those who chewed each mouthful food for 40 times ate less than those who chewed for just 15 times.

Chewing for longer prevents over-eating by giving the brain signals from the stomach that it is full. It also lowers the levels of ghrelin, the hunger hormone.

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How to lose weight

Weight loss can take time, you can lose weight fast without having to exercise or cut out entire food groups.

But exercise takes time to show results,
one of the simplest things to do is to drink water instead of anything else.

Energy drinks, fruit smoothies and low-calorie alcohol all contain at least 100 calories each.

But they are considered ‘empty’ calories by professionals as they don’t fill you up like 100 calories of food does, so you are better off drinking water and ingesting calories from food.

 Cut out white grain foods such as white rice, spaghetti and bread.
This is because simple carbohydrates cause bloating, particularly around the stomach.

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New treatment for ovarian cancer

The cancer of the ovaries is one of the most common types of cancer in women. It affects women after menopause.

Symptoms of ovarian cancer include feeling constantly bloated, discomfort in stomach, feeling full quickly when eating, and frequent urination.

The study authors used an experimental drug called birinapant, in addition to the usual carboplatin, in mice with ovarian cancer tumours, and discovered it could boost survival.

The researchers enlisted birinapant - it deregrades proteins called cIAPs, which prevent cell death after chemotherapy - to make the chemotherapy drug more effective against ovarian cancer tumours.

Faulty liver may cause sweet tooth gene

When we eat sweet food, our livers secrete a hormone called FGF21.
But new research reveals some people have particular variations of this hormone - which makes them crave more sugary treats.

Researchers at the University of Copenhagen found that people with particular variants of the FGF21 gene were about 20 percent more likely to have an unabated sweet tooth.

Matthew Gillum, an assistant professor of biological sciences, led the study with Niels Grarup, an associate professor of metabolic genetics at the University of Copenhagen.

Prof Gillum said: 'The data, mined from a study of the lifestyles and metabolic health of 6,500 Danish individuals, is a really surprising insight into the potential hormonal basis of the sweet tooth.'

The study also raises new ideas about the role of the liver in controlling what we eat. Food pass form stomach to intestines, and from intestines to liver.
The liver could also secrete other hormones that guide food choices.

How enzyme lowers weight gain

Obesity can be prevented with healthy diet and regular exercise. People tend to gain weight as they age, particularly around the stomach.

The researchers were led by Dr. Jay H. Chung, Ph.D., head of the Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, which is a part of the NIH.

Specific enzyme inhibitor lowers weight gain by 40 percent
Chung and team investigated the biochemical transformations that take place in animals in their middle age.

Looking at animals that were the equivalent of 45 human years old, Chung and team found that an enzyme - called DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) - becomes more active with age.

Furthermore, the researchers found that DNA-PK turns nutrients into fat and lowers the number of mitochondria.

The younger we are, the more mitochondria we have in our bodies. From midlife onward, however, the number of mitochondria starts to decrease.

 It is known that a lower number of mitochondria can lead to obesity, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with a decrease in one's ability to exercise.

To further understand the role of the DNA-PK enzyme, Chung and team tested its effect on two groups of mice. Both groups were fed a high-fat diet, but one group received an inhibitor that blocked the DNA-PK enzyme, while the other group did not.

The group that received the DNA-PK-inhibiting drug gained 40 percent less weight than those that did not receive the drug. Additionally, the drug increased aerobic fitness and decreased the rate of obesity and type 2 diabetes in obese, middle-aged mice.
Finally, the inhibitor also increased the number of mitochondria in the mice's skeletal muscle.