The build-up of urea in the brain to toxic levels can cause brain damage - and eventually dementia. Metabolic linkages between Huntington's, other neurodegenerative diseases and type-2 diabetes. Huntington's Disease - one of seven major types of age-related dementia - is directly linked to brain urea levels and metabolic processes. Urea is similarly linked to Alzheimer's disease.
The Huntington's study also showed that the high urea levels occurred before dementia sets in, which could help doctors to one day diagnose and even treat dementia, well in advance of its onset. Urea and ammonia in the brain are metabolic breakdown products of protein. Urea is more commonly known as a compound which is excreted from the body in urine. If urea and ammonia build up in the body because the kidneys are unable to eliminate them, for example, serious symptoms can result.
Alzheimer's and Huntington's are at opposite ends of the dementia spectrum. Dementia results in a progressive and irreversible loss of nerve cells and brain functioning, causing loss of memory and cognitive impairments affecting the ability to learn. Currently, there is no cure.
The team used human brains, donated by families for medical research, using cutting-edge gas chromatography mass spectrometry to measure brain urea levels. For levels to be toxic urea must rise 4-fold or higher than in the normal brain. Treating this metabolic state in the brain may help in the regeneration of tissue that can reverse dementia.
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