Water could be deadly for an infant

Drinking too much water can be deadly for an infant, and even small amounts offer little benefit to babies. Water is key to adult health, but babies get fully hydrated from drinking breast milk. When an infants drink too much water, the sodium levels drop too lo, this hinders the process of nutrients, which can cause seizures, coma and death.

According to pediatric nurse Danielle Stringer, for the first six months of  infants lives, they are better off getting all of their calories and water from breast milk or baby formula. Drinking water can deprive babies of calories that they need in the first six months of their lives, leading to malnutrition and death.

The American Academy of Pediatrics advises that infants should consume exclusively breast milk - if at all possible - for the first six months of their lives, and continuing with supplemented soft foods and drinks through their first year. When babies drink too much water, it knocks their sodium to fluid ratio out of balance, and they can die of water intoxication.

Their bodies will try to overcompensate by having the cells take on more water, which will result in swelling all over the body, including the brain, which can result in seizures, coma or brain death. In rare cases when a baby is given an inordinate amount of water, this can happen suddenly, it's more likely to occur with small doses of water, over time.

Long before they seize, a lot of babies will just start to show signs of malnutrition, such as losing weight and swelling. Their tiny, rapidly growing bodies need about all the calories they can get, meaning they need nourishment - in the form of breast milk or baby formula - about every two to four hours. Breast milk is about 88 percent water, so new mothers that can breastfeed need not worry that their infants could get dehydrated.

At six months old, you can offer water to your baby in a sippy cup, but they don't typically need it because they are still getting breast milk or formula. Between six and 12 months old, it is safe for infants to have two to four ounces of water, but even then, interestingly, babies are smart enough that they're mainly not interested in water at that age, and parents need to know that that's totally okay for them.
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ADHD drugs can prevent STI

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD increases the risk of subsequent sexually transmitted infections STIs among adolescent and young adult populations, short- and long-term use of ADHD medication reduced the risk of subsequent STIs among men. ADHD is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder. Increasing evidence supports an association between ADHD and various health-risk behaviors, such as risky driving, substance abuse, and risky sexual behaviors.

Focusing on the occurrence of risky sexual behaviors and the risk of STIs among patients with ADHD, and emphasizing the treatment with ADHD medications may be a protective factor for prevention of STIs. The findings are based on the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, which is a nationally representative database of medical claims and healthcare data from > 99% of the entire Taiwan population.

A cohort of 17,898 adolescents and young adults who were diagnosed with ADHD and 71,592 age and sex-matched non-ADHD controls who did not have STIs prior to enrollment were studied. Adolescents aged 12-17 years and young adults aged 18-29 years were followed from January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2009. The researchers tracked data related to risk of STIs, including HIV, syphilis, genital warts, gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, and trichomoniasis, psychiatric comorbidity, and pharmacologic treatment for ADHD (methylphenidate or atomoxetine).

The researchers found that adolescents and young adults with ADHD had greater incidence of any STI (1.2% versus 0.4%), and developed STIs at a younger age (20.51 ± 4.48 versus 21.90 ± 4.49) as compared to age- and sex-matched peers. They also found that those adolescents and young adults with ADHD had a higher prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity, including disruptive behavior disorder (13.5% v. 0.3%), alcohol use disorders (1.1% versus 0.5%), and substance use disorders (2.5% versus 0.8%). Male short-term (HR 0.70) and long-term (HR 0.59) ADHD medication users had a significantly lower risk of developing any STI during follow-up.
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Hair transplant may prevents migraine

According to latest research, hair transplants cure migraines, the cosmetic procedure prevents headaches in people who have suffered crippling pain for up to 20 years, a Turkish study found.
After undergoing hair transplants, migraine sufferers who experienced agonising discomfort for up to four hours, several times a month, no longer require any pain-relieving medication.

It is unclear how hair transplants prevent migraines, however, it may be linked to the surgery destroying nerve endings in the scalp, reducing signals that trigger such pain. Migraine is the third most common condition in the world, affecting around one in seven people. Researchers from the SO-EP Aesthetic & Plastic Surgery Clinic, Turkey, analysed six patients who suffered from migraines and underwent hair transplants.

Of the study's participants, two suffered pain at the front and base of their heads; two at the base and around the ear; and the remainder at the front, base and surrounding ear area. On average, they experienced such headaches for six days a month, with the pain lasting around four hours.

 Their pain scores were between five and eight out of 10. All of the participants tried pain-relieving medication for their headaches before having their hair transplants. Some of them had suffered with migraines for up to 20 years.

After their hair transplants, each participant was checked once in the first month and then every three months. Results reveal all of the participants stopped experiencing migraines after their hair transplants and no longer require pain-relieving medication. Hair plantation in bald migraine patients may be an alternative to migraine treatment.
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Are you tired of being tired? Eat these

Are you tired all the time? if yes your level of iron may be low, you can eat the following foods to regain your strength. Egg yolk is a great source of iron. It is needed for production of haemoglobin, the protein in the red blood cells that transports oxygen around the body to produce energy in the muscles, tissues and cells.

A deficiency in iron can lead to a type of anaemia that will leave you feeling drained and weak. This tends to be more common in women, especially if they experience heavy blood loss during menstruation. Eat more of venison than beef, as it contains twice as much iron. Eating Vitamin C-rich foods with plant sources of iron, such as red peppers with tofu or green salad with lentil bake can enhance absorption.

 Brown rice is a good source of fibre-rich complex carbohydrate, eat it regularly with five different fruits and vegetables. Leafy greens such as spinach are packed with magnesium, which makes this a glass of pure energy. If you're low in this mineral, as many people are, you'll feel absolutely drained. Magnesium activates the enzymes that starts energy-production process in the body.

Sardines, salmon, tuna,meat and egg are excellent sources of Vitamin B12. All B vitamins play a crucial part in the supporting our energy levels. B12 works in partnership with folate (Vitamin B9) to form red blood cells and to enhance the absorption of iron in the body. Avoid refined sugar, alcohol, and processed foods. Stay hydrated- water transport nutrients and oxygen around the body in order to support energy production. Dehydration can reduce your energy  and cause fatigue.
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Selenium protects interneurons in the brain

A team led by Dr. Marcus Conrad, research group leader at the Institute of Developmental Genetics (IDG) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, showed for the first time why selenium is a limiting factor for mammals. The scientists have been investigating for years the processes of a novel type of cell death, known as ferroptosis. The enzyme GPX4, which normally contains selenium in the form of the amino acid selenocysteine, plays an important role.

In order to better understand the role of GPX4 in this death process, they established and studied mouse models in which the enzyme was modified.In one of these models, they observed that mice with a replacement of selenium to sulfur in GPX4 did not survive for longer than three weeks due to neurological complications.

In their search for the underlying reasons, the researchers identified a distinct subpopulation of specialized neurons in the brain, which were absent when selenium-containing GPX4 was lacking.
Furthermore, the scientists were able to show that ferroptosis is triggered by oxidative stress, which is known to occur for instance during high metabolic activity of cells and high neuronal activity.

 Selenium-containing GPX4 protects these specialized neurons from oxidative stress and from ferroptotic cell death. Selenoenzymes are essential in some organisms, including mammals, whereas they are dispensable in other organisms, such as fungi and higher plants.
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Winter work out is better than summer sweat

According to personal trainers and exercise physiologists, the body's primary goal is to maintain stasis, or stability, and that includes keeping a steady temperature. In the cold, the body needs to burn extra fat, to produce energy to heat it back up to the ideal temperature.

Working out in the cold weather can shake off some extra calories. During the winter, the body ramps up its production of a chemical called ATLPL, which helps it to store up fat for the evolutionary scarce season, so staying active in the winter is important to counteracting that.

Working out in the cold makes it difficult for the body to stay warm and burn a ton of calories, the cold acts as a 'thermal stressor,' forcing the body's temperature regulation out of work. To keep the core, vital organs at the right temperature, blood flow to the extremities is reduced, and kept concentrated closer to the heart and internal organs.

The heart rate and metabolism slow, trying to save up energy and keep the warm blood in place. That's when the shivering starts. Those shakes are a series of fast muscle contractions and releases, a way for the body to produce some extra warmth by burning energy stored in fat.

When you get into a relatively consistent, high intensity workout - though you'll feel like you're working harder at first, against your slower heart rate and metabolism - the body begins warming up from more robust fat burning. As your heart rate rises, blood and warmth return to your hands, feet and other extremities, and shivering is no longer necessary.

Once you hit that point, you're burning calories as you would during exercise at any temperature. During the winter, the body crave extra simple carbohydrates found in sugary foods like baked goods and get vitamin D deficient spending too much time indoors. Getting some winter sun will boost your vitamin D to break those sweet indulgences.

Walking in moderately warm clothing on a cold day will keep the heart rate from getting high enough to cancel out the shivers, but enough activity is require for burning some fat for energy. Body temperature will be  lower when you are closer to the cold while playing in the snow, making the body ready to fight to stay warm.
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Egg cells can remain fresh with epigenetics

Keeping egg cells in stasis during childhood is a key part of female fertility. A team led by Dr Gavin Kelsey in the Babraham Institute and colleagues in Dresden and Munich studied a protein called MLL2 and discovered how it produces a distinctive pattern of epigenetic marks that are needed for egg cell stasis. A fertilised egg cell is the start of every human life. Yet, egg cells are created inside a woman's body before she is birth.

The eggs are then kept in stasis throughout childhood until they're needed as an adult. If egg cells don't go into stasis they can't become mature eggs and they will never have the chance to form a new life. Putting an egg cell into stasis involves adding many epigenetic marks throughout its DNA.
Epigenetic marks attached to DNA act as footnotes, indicating which genes are turned 'on' or 'off'.  The team had to create new, highly sensitive ways to detect epigenetic marks in such small numbers of cells.

As eggs develop, a mark called H3K4me3 spreads throughout the genome. Scientists have already seen the same mark close to the start of active genes in many cells, but the team discovered that its role in egg cells is different. They showed that the MLL2 protein is responsible for this unusual placement of H3K4me3 in egg cells.

Without MLL2, most H3K4me3 marks in egg cells are lost and the cells die before getting the chance to form a new life. H3K4me3 is created in two ways. MLL2 can add the H3K4me3 mark without any nearby gene activity while another process, that doesn't use MLL2, places the same mark around active genes .
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