Western diet may cause liver inflammation

Liver inflammation occurs when the organ becomes larger than normal. Diet, gender, and different antibiotic treatments can alter the gut microbiota as well as bile acid profile and have different effects on liver inflammation.

Farnesold x receptor FxR, is a member of the family of nuclear hormone receptors. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, which eliminated most gut bacteria, affected hepatic inflammation differently in FXR-deficient mice, the diet provided will determine the how it affects gut bacteria.

 In control diet-fed mice, a cocktail of ampicillin, neomycin and vancomycin blocked hepatic neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltration. The cocktail of antibiotics Abx was not able to eliminate hepatic inflammation in Western diet-fed Farnesold x receptor knock out FXR KO mice.

Other investigation showed that many inflammatory genes had higher expression levels in Western diet than control diet-fed FXR KO mice after antibiotics treatment.

Analyzing the composition of the gut microbiota, researchers discovered that that Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes persisted after the broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment in the Western diet-fed FXR KO mice.

Adverse effects of Western diet on the liver may be explained by the persistence of pro-inflammatory Proteobacteria and the reduction of anti-inflammatory Firmicutes in the gut.
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Antibiotics drug resistance gonorrhoea

Gonorrhoea is sexually-transmitted infection that is difficult to treat. It can be transmitted through vaginal, anal and oral intercourse.

The bacterium that causes gonorrhea can be contacted by touching an infected area or person. The bacteria that cause gonorrhoea resist different antibiotics.

 Gonorrhoea can infect the genitals, rectum and throat. Common complications of gonorrhoea are abdominal pain, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and risk of HIV and infertility.

Pregnant women can infect their babies through child birth and it will leads to blindness. The United Nations health agency advises doctors to prescribe two antibiotics- ceftriaxone and azithromycin for gonorrhoea. It can be prevented by consistent and correct use of condom.
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Links between antibiotics and bowel cancer

Antibiotics are drugs used for treatment and prevention of bacteria, using antibiotics for a long period of time can increase the risk of developing bowel cancer.

Group of researchers used data from Nurses Health Study, to monitor 121,700 U S nurses since 1976. The women were between 30 and 55 years at the beginning of the study.

Researchers used data from 16, 642 of the women at age 60, the information about the use of antibiotic between age 20-59 was provided, some of them had undergo bowel examination and 1195 had polyps benign tumors that leads to cancer.

The team discovered that antibiotic used recently are not associated with cancer development but long-term used in the past.