Effects of different sugar on the liver

Concentrated sugars such as high-fructose corn syrup, a sugar found in sweetened beverages and many other processed foods have negative effects on liver. According to the latest research, mice on a fatty diet who were given high levels of fructose in their diet suffered worse metabolic effects than those given similar calories of glucose.

Researchers experimented in a mouse model used to study obesity, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver and other metabolic illnesses. These animals were given either regular or high-fat diets, and drank either plain water or water sweetened with fructose or glucose.
Comparing these diets, gave more precise role of fructose against glucose in the diet, and how bad is it when it is added to a normal diet against a diet high in fat. After two months, none of the animals on a regular diet developed insulin resistance.

Among animals on a high-fat diet, there is significant differences between those drinking fructose and glucose. Fatty liver disease does not progress to dangerous levels of liver inflammation,
Mice on the high-fat diet become much more obese and more insulin-resistant compared to their peers on the glucose diet. And while both groups of animals added fat to their livers, the fat composition was different.

The researchers also discovered that production of an enzyme called ketohexokinase KHk, required for the first step of fructose metabolism, was increased in the livers of mice who drank fructose. When the scientists examined liver samples from obese human with fatty liver disease, they also found higher levels of Khk. The Khk enzyme is important in fructose, but not glucose, metabolism. Fructose and glucose are sugars, cells handle them differently.
          haleplushearty.blogspot.com

Western diet may cause liver inflammation

Liver inflammation occurs when the organ becomes larger than normal. Diet, gender, and different antibiotic treatments can alter the gut microbiota as well as bile acid profile and have different effects on liver inflammation.

Farnesold x receptor FxR, is a member of the family of nuclear hormone receptors. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, which eliminated most gut bacteria, affected hepatic inflammation differently in FXR-deficient mice, the diet provided will determine the how it affects gut bacteria.

 In control diet-fed mice, a cocktail of ampicillin, neomycin and vancomycin blocked hepatic neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltration. The cocktail of antibiotics Abx was not able to eliminate hepatic inflammation in Western diet-fed Farnesold x receptor knock out FXR KO mice.

Other investigation showed that many inflammatory genes had higher expression levels in Western diet than control diet-fed FXR KO mice after antibiotics treatment.

Analyzing the composition of the gut microbiota, researchers discovered that that Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes persisted after the broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment in the Western diet-fed FXR KO mice.

Adverse effects of Western diet on the liver may be explained by the persistence of pro-inflammatory Proteobacteria and the reduction of anti-inflammatory Firmicutes in the gut.
          haleplushearty.blogspot.com