Researchers have discovered that reducing the use of antibiotics will not be enough to reverse the growing prevalence of antibiotic resistance for some types of bacteria. Besides passing along the genes bestowing antibiotic resistance to their offspring, many bacteria can also swap genes among themselves through a process called conjugation.
The bacteria tested by researchers have fast conjugation rate, even if you don't use antibiotics the resistance can be maintained. Most resistance to antibiotics arises and spreads through natural selection. Some bacteria have genes that help them survive around of antibiotics, they quickly parent the next generation and pass on those genes.
Many of these genes, however, come at a cost. For example, a mutation may allow a bacterium to build a thicker membrane to survive a particular antibiotic, but that mutation might also make it more difficult for the cell to reproduce. Without the selective pressure of antibiotics killing off the competition, bacteria with this mutation should disappear over time.
The results indicate that for bacteria that swap resistance genes simply managing the amount of antibiotics being used will not turn the tide on the growing problem of resistance. To make any headway, drugs will also be needed that stop the sharing of genes and decrease the rate at which they are passed on through reproduction. One of the drugs is a benign natural product and FDA-approved antipsychotic.
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