Gene therapy can destroy HIV infected cells

Through gene therapy, researchers engineered blood-forming stem cells (hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, or HSPCs) to carry chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) genes to make cells that can detect and destroy HIV-infected cells. These engineered cells not only destroyed the infected cells, they persisted for more than two years, suggesting the potential to create long-term immunity from the virus that causes AIDS.

Antiviral drugs can suppress the amount of HIV in the body to nearly undetectable levels, but only an effective immune response can eradicate the virus. Researchers have been seeking a way to improve the body's ability to combat the virus by engineering blood-forming stem cells to specifically target and kill HIV-infected cells for the life of the individual.

 Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have emerged as a powerful immunotherapy for various forms of cancer -- and show promise in treating HIV-1 infection -- the therapy may not impart long-lasting immunity. Researchers, physicians and patients need T cell-based products that can respond to malignant or infected cells that may reappear months or years after treatment.

Because HIV uses CD4 to infect cells, the researchers used a CAR molecule that hijacks the essential interaction between HIV and the cell surface molecule CD4 to make stem cell-derived T-cells target infected cells. When the CD4 on the CAR molecule binds to HIV, other regions of the CAR molecule signal the cell to become activated and kill the HIV infected cell.

The researchers found that, in test animals, modification of the blood-forming stem cells resulted in more than two years of stable production of CAR-expressing cells without any adverse effects. In addition, these cells were widely distributed throughout the lymphoid tissues and gastrointestinal tract, which are major anatomic sites for HIV replication and persistence in infected people. Most important, engineered CAR T-cells showed efficacy in attacking and killing HIV-infected cells.
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Some moles become melanoma

Moles are growths on the skin that are usually brown or black. They can appear in groups or alone in any parts of the body. As we get older, some moles can change in colour or disappear while others may remain the same.

Moles occur when cells in the skin grow in a cluster instead of being spread throughout the skin. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer, it developed when unrepaired DNA damage skin cells.

Melanomas often resemble moles; some develop from moles. Melanomas can develop from a naevus, but most moles will never become a melanoma.

Dermatologists examined some moles and discovered some had a mutation on the gene known as BRAF, and the remaining samples had a mutation on the NRAS gene.

When either of these genes are mutated it activates the signalling pathway known as MAPK, which is commonly active in melanomas.

Additional genomic events need to occur before a mole becomes malignant. People with a high number of moles, and other risk like fair skin or light coloured hair or eyes, should continue to keep appointment with their dermatologist for regular skin examination.
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