Gene expression for youthful skin

Some individuals' skin appears more youthful than their chronologic age. Although many people try to achieve this with creams, lotions, injections, and surgeries, new research indicates that increased expression of certain genes may be the key to intrinsically younger looking and younger behaving skin. It's not just the genes you are born with, but which ones turn on and off over time,wide range of processes in the skin affected by aging, and specific gene expression patterns in women who appear younger than their chronologic age.

Reseachers collected and integrated data at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels from the sun-exposed skin (face and forearm) and sun-protected skin (buttocks) of  white women between 20 to 70 years. As part of the study, the team looked for gene expression patterns common in women who appeared years younger than their chronologic age.The physical appearance of facial skin was captured through digital images and analysis. Skin samples were processed for analysis and saliva samples were collected for genotyping.

The analyses revealed progressive changes from the 20s to the 70s in pathways related to oxidative stress , energy metabolism, senescence (aging) and skin barrier. These changes were accelerated in the 60s and 70s. Comparing sun-exposed and sun-protected skin samples revealed that certain genetic changes are likely due to photoaging. The gene expression patterns from the women in the study who were younger appearing were similar to those in women who were actually younger in age. These women had increased activity in genes associated with basic biologic processes, including DNA repair, cell replication, response to oxidative stress, and protein metabolism.

Women with exceptionally youthful-appearing facial skin in older age groups also had higher expression of genes associated with mitochondrial structure and metabolism, overall epidermal structure, and barrier function in their facial epidermal samples, as well as dermal matrix production.A better understanding of the genes associated with youthful-appearing skin may point to new strategies to enhance factors that slow the skin's aging process. This work also confirmed that ultraviolent (UV) exposure is a main driver and accelerator of skin aging.
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Bacteria may boost athletic performance

Bacteria in the digestive tract can boost performance of athletes. The bugs in our gut affect our energy metabolism, making it easier to break down carbohydrates, protein and fiber. They are also involved in inflammation and neurological function.

The microbiome could be relevant for applications in endurance, recovery and mental toughness. Researchers collected fecal samples on a daily basis from athletes training for marathon, a week before and after the race. The researchers sequenced the genomes of the sampled bacteria, using computational metagenomic methods to figure out how many and what types of microbes inhabited the fecal samples.

 When they compared the pre-race and post-race samples, the researchers found a sudden spike in the population of one particular type of bacteria after the marathon. This bug's natural function is to break down lactic acid. During intense exercise, the body produces more lactic acid than usual, which can lead to muscle fatigue and soreness.

Researchers discovered that the bug is very good at breaking down lactic acid in a test tube and remains viable after it passes through the digestive system of mice. The researchers are now feeding the bacteria to mice to measure its effects on lactic acid levels and fatigue.
This leads to discovery of a bacteria in ultramarathoners that can break carbohydrates and fiber which is useful during a 100-mile.
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